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Controlled and automatic human information processing (1977)
| Venue: | I. Detection, search, and attention. Psychological Review |
| Citations: | 873 - 16 self |
BibTeX
@ARTICLE{Schneider77controlledand,
author = {Walter Schneider and Richard M. Shiffrin},
title = {Controlled and automatic human information processing},
journal = {I. Detection, search, and attention. Psychological Review},
year = {1977},
pages = {1--66}
}
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Abstract
A two-process theory of human information processing is proposed and applied to detection, search, and attention phenomena. Automatic processing is activa-tion of a learned sequence of elements in long-term memory that is initiated by appropriate inputs and then proceeds automatically—without subject control, without stressing the capacity limitations of the system, and without necessarily demanding attention. Controlled processing is a temporary activation of a se-quence of elements that can be set up quickly and easily but requires attention, is capacity-limited (usually serial in nature), and is controlled by the subject. A series of studies using both reaction time and accuracy measures is presented, which traces these concepts in the form of automatic detection and controlled, search through the areas of detection, search, and attention. Results in these areas are shown to arise from common mechanisms. Automatic detection is shown to develop following consistent mapping of stimuli to responses over trials. Controlled search is utilized in varied-mapping paradigms, and in our studies, it takes the form of serial, terminating search. The approach resolves a number of apparent conflicts in the literature.
Keyphrases
automatic human information processing automatic detection accuracy measure common mechanism long-term memory varied-mapping paradigm two-process theory appropriate input attention phenomenon automatic processing capacity limitation subject control consistent mapping reaction time human information processing learned sequence apparent conflict temporary activation
