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...hapter 6).s75s5.2 Well-known general theories on human behavioursFor most (recent) theories on human behaviour, such as the famous theories of reasonedsaction [Fishbein, 1967; Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975; =-=Ajzen and Fishbein, 1980-=-] and plannedsbehaviour [Ajzen, 1985; Ajzen & Madden, 1986; Ajzen, 1991] that are discussed farthersdown in this Section, the following two concepts serve as a reference point: expectationssand value....

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...heories on human behaviour, such as the famous theories of reasonedsaction [Fishbein, 1967; Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975; Ajzen and Fishbein, 1980] and plannedsbehaviour [Ajzen, 1985; Ajzen & Madden, 1986; =-=Ajzen, 1991-=-] that are discussed farthersdown in this Section, the following two concepts serve as a reference point: expectationssand value.sExpectancy-value models are founded on the central premise that the hi...

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.... thessynthesis stage (Chapter 6).s75s5.2 Well-known general theories on human behavioursFor most (recent) theories on human behaviour, such as the famous theories of reasonedsaction [Fishbein, 1967; =-=Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975-=-; Ajzen and Fishbein, 1980] and plannedsbehaviour [Ajzen, 1985; Ajzen & Madden, 1986; Ajzen, 1991] that are discussed farthersdown in this Section, the following two concepts serve as a reference poin...

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...human behavioursFor most (recent) theories on human behaviour, such as the famous theories of reasonedsaction [Fishbein, 1967; Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975; Ajzen and Fishbein, 1980] and plannedsbehaviour [=-=Ajzen, 1985-=-; Ajzen & Madden, 1986; Ajzen, 1991] that are discussed farthersdown in this Section, the following two concepts serve as a reference point: expectationssand value.sExpectancy-value models are founded...

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...ons and recommendations.sAll the above can be summarised schematically, as follows (Figure 3.3):s1 A more detailed description of the specific steps that need to be effectuated to cover thesesstages [=-=Cross, 1994-=-] is given in Chapter 6.s51sChapter 1: Problem definition and literature review Chapter 2: Analysis of current situation based on empirical data Chapter 3: Refocussing & Research plan Chapter 4: Analy...

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...ublications in the (still) emerging field of environmental research:s“The environmental revolution has been almost three decades in the making, andsit has changed forever how companies do business.” [=-=Hart, 1997-=-]s“Environmental concerns are becoming more important in industry and business.sOne of the major issues today is how to dispose of waste. Collection and recyclingsof post-consumer waste in a cost-effi...

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...) alternative is performed, Ui refers to the utility (value) of outcome i, andsi=1...n indicates the (number of) possible outcomes that are identified by the decisionsmaker. Subsequently, SEU theory [=-=Schoemaker, 1982-=-] expects the decision (behavioural)salternative associated with the highest SEU value to be performed.sThis point of departure has been employed by a number of authors. Some of thesescontributions (t...

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...ch effort, and the enclosed design process, with asclear practical component (case studies).sThe design process itself has been divided into three generic stages1: analysis, synthesis andsevaluation [=-=Jones, 1981-=-/1984].sThe analysis stage (as a logical continuation of the problem analysis presented in Chapterss1 to 3) comprises an analysis of pilot projects in this area (Chapter 4) and theory withsrespect to ...

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...th [1996, 1997],sHeyman [1997], Muckstadt & Isaac [1981], and Van der Laan et al. [1996<1>, 1996<2>].sA more elaborate discussion on these contributions can be found in [Fleischmann et al,s1997] and [=-=Gungor & Gupta, 1999-=-].sWith regard to these first two domains within a Product Recovery Network, it is impossiblesto address these issues separately from the technical issues concerning the latter stages ofsthe network, ...

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...nt of empirical data) has already revealed some verysinteresting observations and support for specific elements of his approach. First of all, hisswork confirms the conclusion by other authors (e.g. [=-=Oskamp et al., 1991-=-]) that “proenvironmental attitudes rarely correlate with recycling behaviour” [Tucker et al., 1998].sSecondly, he emphasises the importance of barriers (effort) and claims that “minimisingsbarriers, ...

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...ith respect to another “attribute of recycling programs” [Jenkins et al.,s1999]: in the end, “curbside recycling pickup increases the probability of recycling moresthan does unit pricing of garbage” [=-=Fullerton & Kinnaman, 1996-=-]. This conclusion oncesagain confirms the obvious significance of barriers/effort as a determinant of recyclingsbehaviour, as it has already been established in the course of this review.s5.3.5 Main ...

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...cludessthat past behaviour constitutes the only significant predictor of recycling behaviour.sTherefore, many authors have concluded that the TRA and the TOPB are “insufficient tospredict recycling” [=-=Cheung et al., 1999-=-]. Based on such conclusions, De Kruijk et al. [1993]sstate that “if behaviour has become customary, the role of behavioural intentions hassdiminished,” thereby dismissing the practical applicability ...

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...t ‘effort’ should not only be considered by means ofs‘perceived control,’ but rather as a direct moderator of “the relationship between attitudessand behaviour, regardless of behavioural intentions” [=-=Schultz & Oskamp, 1996-=-].sIn their research effort dedicated to this topic, Schultz & Oskamp [1996] designed threesstudies to “examine the role of effort in the link between attitudes and behaviour, and to teststhe possibil...

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.... Others havesfocussed specifically on the problems related to applying MRP systems to plan recoverysoperations [e.g. Thierry, 1997] and possible solutions (by means of deterministicsmodelling) [e.g. =-=Gupta & Taleb, 1994-=-; Flapper, 1994; Clegg et al., 1995]. Anothersinfluential author in this particular field of research is V.D.R. Guide Jr., who has focussedsspecifically on the topic of shop floor control in remanufac...

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...ion support) models to determine the optimal recoverysstrategy [Krikke, 1998] (which combination of recovery options leads to the highest profit)sand/or the optimal disassembly strategy [Penev, 1996; =-=Johnson & Wang, 1995-=-] (whichscomponents should be disassembled and the optimal sequence to do so). Others havesfocussed specifically on the problems related to applying MRP systems to plan recoverysoperations [e.g. Thier...

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...iour. As indicated by Bratt himself, “the most significant contribution by this study issthat it questions the focus on awareness of consequences in predicting and motivating thesrecycling of waste” [=-=Bratt, 1999-=-]. In fact, Bratt concludes that campaigns meant to inducesenvironmentally friendly behaviour should not concentrate on environmental uncertainty.sThe latter implies that communication efforts by gove...

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...istic models, and (2) stochasticsmodels.sIn models of the first class, all demand and return flows are known in advance and the aimsis to minimise the sum of the set-up and inventory costs (see e.g. [=-=Schrady, 1967-=-], [Mabiniset al., 1992], and [Richter, 1996]).s7sThe second class of models deals with demand and return flows as stochastic processes.sWithin this category, a large number of authors has dedicated p...

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...el.sSeveral other authors have also proposed the application of modified facility locationsmodels to assist in distribution planning in Product Recovery Networks, e.g. [Mirchandanis& Francis, 1989], [=-=Caruso et al., 1993-=-], and [Spengler et al., 1997].sDistribution planning within Product Recovery Networks is widely accepted as a verysimportant and very complex research topic. This complexity “stems from the high degr...

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...97; Inman, 1999].sFirst of all, with respect to production planning aspects, a number of authors havesdeveloped methodologies and (decision support) models to determine the optimal recoverysstrategy [=-=Krikke, 1998-=-] (which combination of recovery options leads to the highest profit)sand/or the optimal disassembly strategy [Penev, 1996; Johnson & Wang, 1995] (whichscomponents should be disassembled and the optim...

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...elief Model (HBM) in predicting recycling behaviour. They underpin this approach bysreferring to two main problems that surface from their examination of literature ons“ecological-related behaviour” [=-=Lindsay & Stratham, 1997-=-]: (1) the various behaviours thatsare a part of this domain do not result from the same antecedents, and, (2) “although a goodsdeal of research has been conducted, much of the research examines the i...

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...models of the first class, all demand and return flows are known in advance and the aimsis to minimise the sum of the set-up and inventory costs (see e.g. [Schrady, 1967], [Mabiniset al., 1992], and [=-=Richter, 1996-=-]).s7sThe second class of models deals with demand and return flows as stochastic processes.sWithin this category, a large number of authors has dedicated publications to repairssystems. With regard t...

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...eneral assumption that attitudes comprise a valid basis for predicting behaviour. Somesnoteworthy comments with respect to the latter can be found in [Wicker, 1969], [Deutscher,s1966] and especially [=-=McGuire, 1986-=-], who states overtly that “the failure to find attitudebehaviour consistency is one of the scandals of social psychology.”sFrom all this, it appears that attitudes (alone) are not able to predict beh...

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...mentally relevant behaviour) are discussed in thesnext Section (5.3), while more elaborate discussions on this type of publications can besfound in e.g. [Schoemaker, 1982], [Fischhoff et al., 1982], [=-=Feather, 1982-=-], [Van Raaij,s1977], and [Weiner, 1992].sOne conclusion that can be drawn from all literature dedicated to this topic is that manys“theorists seem to agree that expectancy-value models do not always ...

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...s,smultiply them and subsequently base their choice (of engaging in a specificsbehaviour) on the resulting numerical scores. Such a decision process amounts tos“far too taxing and complex a process” [=-=Mitchell, 1982-=-].s76s2. The applied decision rule in SEU theory is so robust that it may predict actualsdecisions pretty well, even though this decision was reached by means of ascompletely different decision rule [...

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...s.sOne of the major issues today is how to dispose of waste. Collection and recyclingsof post-consumer waste in a cost-efficient manner is of increasing interest insbusiness as well as in research.” [=-=Jahre, 1995-=-]s“The efficient recovery of materials used to manufacture and deliver products issthe foundation of any waste prevention strategy.” [Guide et al., 1997]s“The challenge of industrial recycling, regard...

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...that “generalsenvironmental concern did not make a significant contribution to the prediction ofsparticipation in recycling programs,” but “it did significantly relate to quantity persparticipation” [=-=Oskamp et al., 1998-=-]. In this particular recycling program, which could bescharacterised as a convenient curbside program, general environmental concern obviouslyswas not the main determinant for participating or not pa...

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...t al. [1995] advance some very interesting findings. First of all, they concludesthat individual and group rewards can significantly increase recycling, “but not as much ass(...) lottery conditions” [=-=Porter et al, 1995-=-]. This observation clearly is in full accordanceswith the findings presented in Chapter 4 of this thesis, which describes the eye-catchingsresults that were achieved with lottery based reward systems...

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...on the problems related to applying MRP systems to plan recoverysoperations [e.g. Thierry, 1997] and possible solutions (by means of deterministicsmodelling) [e.g. Gupta & Taleb, 1994; Flapper, 1994; =-=Clegg et al., 1995-=-]. Anothersinfluential author in this particular field of research is V.D.R. Guide Jr., who has focussedsspecifically on the topic of shop floor control in remanufacturing [Guide, 1996; Guide et al.s1...

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...hose that focus on environmentally relevant behaviour) are discussed in thesnext Section (5.3), while more elaborate discussions on this type of publications can besfound in e.g. [Schoemaker, 1982], [=-=Fischhoff et al., 1982-=-], [Feather, 1982], [Van Raaij,s1977], and [Weiner, 1992].sOne conclusion that can be drawn from all literature dedicated to this topic is that manys“theorists seem to agree that expectancy-value mode...

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...explaining and predicting behaviour and he states that “forspolicy purposes, the most useful studies are the ones that attempt to increase the level ofsrecycling by using experimental interventions” [=-=Oskamp, 1995-=-]. In his article ons“behaviour and policy” [Oskamp, 1995] in the area of resource conservation and recyclingshe summarises the findings for several types of interventions. With regard to monetarysrew...

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...cted by intentions (internal motivation), but also by (perceived) costs and benefitssassociated with that behaviour and possible barriers to engage in that behaviour, as well asspast behaviour/habit [=-=Pieters, 1989-=-]. In the case of consumer electronics past behavioursusually refers to inappropriate behaviour and changing this pattern will require more thansan “appeal to voluntary change of behaviour” [Van Meege...

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...pect to two disposalsalternatives available to the population under investigation. Even though his analysis ransinto some significant problems with respect to “the use and measurement of thresholds”s[=-=Lüdemann, 1999-=-], his empirical data seem to support part of the conclusions by Schultz &sOskamp mentioned above. Overall, he concludes that garbage can users (‘contra’- environmental behaviour) seem to attribute mo...

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...cantly (estimates range from 30 up to more than 50%, dependingson specific conditions and definitions applied) to the overall end-of-life productsmanagement costs, and should therefore be minimised” [=-=Mulder, 1999-=-]. Moreover, manys10sauthors state that they realise that “the actual quantity that is collected has to be the basis ofsthe dimensioning of redistribution systems and the layout of dismantling, recond...

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...ursFor most (recent) theories on human behaviour, such as the famous theories of reasonedsaction [Fishbein, 1967; Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975; Ajzen and Fishbein, 1980] and plannedsbehaviour [Ajzen, 1985; =-=Ajzen & Madden, 1986-=-; Ajzen, 1991] that are discussed farthersdown in this Section, the following two concepts serve as a reference point: expectationssand value.sExpectancy-value models are founded on the central premis...

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...that they realise that “the actual quantity that is collected has to be the basis ofsthe dimensioning of redistribution systems and the layout of dismantling, reconditioningsand reprocessing plants” [=-=Hansen, 2000-=-]. Curiously though, researchers in this field stillstend to focus, for whatever reason, on the clear-cut topic of location-allocation problems,seven if this means stepping away from reality by introd...

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... Product Recovery Networks usually focuses on one of the following threesdomains within such a network: distribution planning, inventory management, andsproduction planning [Fleischmann et al., 1997; =-=Inman, 1999-=-].sFirst of all, with respect to production planning aspects, a number of authors havesdeveloped methodologies and (decision support) models to determine the optimal recoverysstrategy [Krikke, 1998] (...

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...es and (decision support) models to determine the optimal recoverysstrategy [Krikke, 1998] (which combination of recovery options leads to the highest profit)sand/or the optimal disassembly strategy [=-=Penev, 1996-=-; Johnson & Wang, 1995] (whichscomponents should be disassembled and the optimal sequence to do so). Others havesfocussed specifically on the problems related to applying MRP systems to plan recoverys...

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... e.g. [Vergeer, 2001] and [Van Eijk, 2002]) and that thesTriad model should be treated as “an example of a generic theoretical framework whichsgives the opportunity to derive practical implications” [=-=Poiesz, 1999-=-]. Therefore, thesanalysis presented in this Section certainly is not intended to present a generic discussionsregarding the most appropriate theory on human behaviour, or to suggest the superiority o...

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...].s76s2. The applied decision rule in SEU theory is so robust that it may predict actualsdecisions pretty well, even though this decision was reached by means of ascompletely different decision rule [=-=Anderson & Shanteau, 1977-=-].sHowever, despite these critical comments, the expectancy-value approach is still veryspopular [Pieters, 1989] and it actually forms the foundation of the two most famous andsinfluential theories on...

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...llscompared to some other waste categories. In 1998 Dutch consumers discarded some 134skiloton of consumer electronics, whereas compostable waste, paper, cardboard and glasssamounted to 2800 kiloton [=-=CREM, 1999-=-]. However, the environmental consequences ofsthis specific category are considerably more far-reaching, especially in the situation beforesthe Disposal of white and brown goods Decree came into effec...

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...d specifically on the problems related to applying MRP systems to plan recoverysoperations [e.g. Thierry, 1997] and possible solutions (by means of deterministicsmodelling) [e.g. Gupta & Taleb, 1994; =-=Flapper, 1994-=-; Clegg et al., 1995]. Anothersinfluential author in this particular field of research is V.D.R. Guide Jr., who has focussedsspecifically on the topic of shop floor control in remanufacturing [Guide, ...

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...s.sOne of the major issues today is how to dispose of waste. Collection and recyclingsof post-consumer waste in a cost-efficient manner is of increasing interest insbusiness as well as in research.” [=-=Jahre, 1995-=-]s“The efficient recovery of materials used to manufacture and deliver products issthe foundation of any waste prevention strategy.” [Guide et al., 1997]s“The challenge of industrial recycling, regard...

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...n some more detail asspart of a discussion with respect to the original research approach of the project on whichsthis thesis is based.sJahre applied her PhD thesis [1995<2>] and a later publication [=-=Jahre, 1998-=-] to present as“simulation model” to test the propositions mentioned above and to analyse costsconsequences from changes in the (distribution planning) system and the environment (e.g.spopulation dens...

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... varioussactors within the Product Recovery Network for consumer electronics in the Netherlandssoperated quite isolated and signs of co-ordination or even co-operation were certainly notsomnipresent [=-=Lemmens, 1998-=-].sAt the same time, it was concluded [Melissen & De Ron, 2001] that research in the field ofsProduct Recovery Networks, and practical analyses and design efforts dedicated to thiss44sarea, had mostly...

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...ll.sConsequently, all the above and the contents of this thesis could possibly assist the Dutchsgovernment, not only in its role as ‘decision-maker,’ but also in its role as ‘watchman’ ands“captain” [=-=Mallen, 1970-=- (reprinted 1996)] of the Product Recovery Network for consumerselectronics in the Netherlands. It is apparent that closing the life cycle for (‘small’)sconsumer electronics not only requires influenc...

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...it can be concluded that the generation of design alternatives insChapter 6 would benefit a lot from establishing theoretical perspectives from the “sciencessthat deal with changing human behaviour” [=-=Maloney and Ward, 1973-=-] that are of relevancesto collection rate enhancing measures and that explain (or possibly refute) the ‘lessons’sderived in the previous Chapter. Therefore, this Chapter presents an overview of relev...

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...isposal behaviour of consumers could <still> be improved significantly”s[Veerman, 2002]. A similar conclusion can be found in the latest progress report of thesNVMP to the Ministry of VROM [Stichting =-=NVMP, 2002-=-]. In fact, the conclusion thatsconsumers seem to persist in their long since habit of disposing of ‘small’ consumerselectronics by means of the refuse bag/bin has constituted the mainspring for the m...

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... It is possible to handsover the discarded products to the NVMP transport service, however, this systemsis only intended for those retailers that are not able to make use of one of thesabove options [=-=NVMP, 2002-=-]. In the ICT system, the retailer may resell thesequipment he has taken back, hand over the discarded products to the local wastesdisposal authority, a Regional Storage Station, a (chain) distributio...

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...eins[1963, 1967]. This model and subsequent reformulations by Ajzen & Fishbein [1975] formsthe core of “another line of motivation research (...) on the relationship between attitudessand behaviour” [=-=Poiesz, 1995-=-].sLiterature reveals a number of alternative ways of defining attitudes, but Petty & Cacioppos[1981] state that in the end “there is widespread agreement (...) that the term attitude shouldsbe used t...

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..., consequently, theystoo cannot be (and are not) hold accountable for the ultimate collection rates that aresachieved, a reference point that is repeatedly stressed by the parties involved (see e.g.s[=-=PriceWaterhouseCoopers, 1999-=-] and [PriceWaterhouseCoopers, 2001]).sAll this means that the actual appropriate disposal of consumer electronics, and thesresulting collecting rates, is not the responsibility of these two main part...