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...Job guarantee schemes, which address the problems of workfare, are largely associated with the work of Jackman et al. (1986) and Philpott and Layard at the Employment Policy Institute (Philpott 1990; =-=Layard & Philpott 1991-=-; Philpott 1993). Philpott and Layard acknowledge the influence of a Swedish provision that guarantees either work or good training opportunities at the rate for the job in order to improve the qualit...

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... inconvenience or reduction in profits. A person who cannot sell his labour is in effect told that he is of no use. The first difficulty causes annoyance or loss. The other is a personal catastrophe (=-=Beveridge 1944-=-). Beveridge, reflecting the spirit of the times, placed full employment policy in a much wider set of social objectives’ but his blueprint for the ’welfare state’ 1. That is, the elimination of the ’...

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...Gazette, March 1993). As a backdrop to policy, long-term unemployment is significant, given its high proportion of claimants and because it is a ’trap’ from which it is difficult to escape. Research (=-=Jackman & Layard 1991-=-; Jackman et al. 1986; Meager & Metcalf 1987; Philpott 1990; Robinson 1990; Wadsworth 1991; White 1983) has consistently demonstrated the existence of this trap. Three main reasons for its existence h...

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...igh proportion of claimants and because it is a ’trap’ from which it is difficult to escape. Research (Jackman & Layard 1991; Jackman et al. 1986; Meager & Metcalf 1987; Philpott 1990; Robinson 1990; =-=Wadsworth 1991-=-; White 1983) has consistently demonstrated the existence of this trap. Three main reasons for its existence have been advanced. Firstly, the long-term unemployed are more likely than others to have p...

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...y, long-term unemployment is significant, given its high proportion of claimants and because it is a ’trap’ from which it is difficult to escape. Research (Jackman & Layard 1991; Jackman et al. 1986; =-=Meager & Metcalf 1987-=-; Philpott 1990; Robinson 1990; Wadsworth 1991; White 1983) has consistently demonstrated the existence of this trap. Three main reasons for its existence have been advanced. Firstly, the long-term un...

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...ncluded training) under the Labour government to 1979 were, however, initially seen as a temporary package. This approach was gradually transformed to make the measures a permanent feature of policy (=-=Gregg 1990-=-) paralleling the phenomenon of high and intractable unemployment. So full employment, viewed in 1944 as a direct responsibility of government and linked to appropriate macroeconomic policies, forty-f...

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... raising the general and specific skills of the employed and unemployed to levels comparable with those of other industrialized countries, notably Germany, France and Japan (Lindley 1983; Hyman 1992; =-=Keep 1989-=-). High and intractable levels of unemployment did, however, provide the main spur to policy in the 1980s, particularly measures to reduce claimant unemployment after changes were made to the official...

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...h as Restart fits both its ideological inspiration and its parsimony with the public purse. Additionally, several detailed research studies (referred to later) have given high marks to the programme (=-=Dicks & Hatch 1989-=-; Disney et al. 1992; White & Lakey 1992). Restart was launched for people unemployed for twelve months or more in 1986 and extended in 1988 to include people unemployed for six months. The sixmonthly...

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...f claimants and because it is a ’trap’ from which it is difficult to escape. Research (Jackman & Layard 1991; Jackman et al. 1986; Meager & Metcalf 1987; Philpott 1990; Robinson 1990; Wadsworth 1991; =-=White 1983-=-) has consistently demonstrated the existence of this trap. Three main reasons for its existence have been advanced. Firstly, the long-term unemployed are more likely than others to have poorer educat...

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...a route to job growth, although it is referred to 4. In 1988 OECD figures showed that French employers spent 0.7 per cent of GDP on vocational education and training; the Japanese spent 1.2 per cent (=-=Buechtemann & Soloff 1994-=-). 5. The Training and Enterprise Councils apply to England and Wales. The Scottish equivalents are the Local Enterprise Companies. Northern Ireland is covered by Local Enterprise Agencies. The Scotti...

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...ontribute to raising the general and specific skills of the employed and unemployed to levels comparable with those of other industrialized countries, notably Germany, France and Japan (Lindley 1983; =-=Hyman 1992-=-; Keep 1989). High and intractable levels of unemployment did, however, provide the main spur to policy in the 1980s, particularly measures to reduce claimant unemployment after changes were made to t...

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...visory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service 1987). Furthermore, there is evidence of widespread use of voluntary redundancy alongside 6. In 1990, 49 per cent received payments; in 1991, 44 per cent (=-=Bird 1992-=-). The current entitlement conditions and payments levels under the statutory redundancy scheme are as follows (this summary draws upon Labour Research Department May 1993 and Incomes Data Services Oc...

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...sionable age with a ’replacement condition’, that is, that the retiree’s job is taken by a person from the unemployment register. Employers participating received a fee to cover administrative costs (=-=Disney et al. 1992-=-; Gregg 1990). In its peak year (1984) the scheme’s gross total cost of about £ 150 million provided 85 000 jobs for previously unemployed people. Administrative and monitoring problems have been esti...

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... The most prone occupational groups were skilled craftsmen and machine operatives and those age groups most vulnerable to redundancy were 16-24 and fifty-five and over (Bird 1992; Employment Gazette, =-=February 1993-=-). The greater vulnerability of British employees to redundancy relative to their European Union counterparts is compounded by the qualifying conditions and the relatively low level of statutory payme...

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...uding the Training and Enterprise Councils. But the commitment to training, even in the employer-led form, was within a few years beginning to weaken as job search measures rose up the policy agenda (=-=Gregg 1991-=-). It was also being reported that the councils were seeking to emphasize their enterprise rather than their training role as their success in the latter began to be questioned.5 Yet if policy is in t...

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...s growing, incidence of long-term unemployment. There is also the possibility that the United Kingdom is locked into a low-skill equilibrium, with adverse implications for growth and competitiveness (=-=Keep & Mayhew 1993-=-). Even the ’success’ of Restart has wider implications. According to Disney et al. (1992), it has achieved effectiveness by encouraging the long-term unemployed to accept jobs .paying significantly l...

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...our requirements to market changes such as natural wastage and early retirement. Voluntary redundancy is also normally associated with the financial inducement of compensation above statutory levels (=-=Lewis 1990-=-). The incidence of redundancy in Great Britain reached its early 1990s peak in Spring 1991 at 388 000. Men were twice as likely to be made redundant as women with the Southeast of England accounting ...

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... designed to contribute to raising the general and specific skills of the employed and unemployed to levels comparable with those of other industrialized countries, notably Germany, France and Japan (=-=Lindley 1983-=-; Hyman 1992; Keep 1989). High and intractable levels of unemployment did, however, provide the main spur to policy in the 1980s, particularly measures to reduce claimant unemployment after changes we...

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... the jobs released, increasing to 88 per cent in 1987 and with a cost effectiveness much superior to alternative early retirement schemes, such as a general statutory reduction in the retirement age (=-=Metcalf 1982-=-). This cost effectiveness, however, was essentially delivered by the retirees. The post-tax income of retirees amounted on average to 27 per cent of employment income for a single person and 42 per c...

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...he rate for the job. A theoretical objection to this is that workfare schemes must only pay at, or near, benefit level in order to drive down real wages, so enhancing market clearing and flexibility (=-=Minford 1985-=-). This view of the unemployed ignores their heterogeneity and assumes the existence of competitive labour markets without segmentation. Certainly, in British conditions, a compulsory workfare scheme ...

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...nt is significant, given its high proportion of claimants and because it is a ’trap’ from which it is difficult to escape. Research (Jackman & Layard 1991; Jackman et al. 1986; Meager & Metcalf 1987; =-=Philpott 1990-=-; Robinson 1990; Wadsworth 1991; White 1983) has consistently demonstrated the existence of this trap. Three main reasons for its existence have been advanced. Firstly, the long-term unemployed are mo...

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...hich address the problems of workfare, are largely associated with the work of Jackman et al. (1986) and Philpott and Layard at the Employment Policy Institute (Philpott 1990; Layard & Philpott 1991; =-=Philpott 1993-=-). Philpott and Layard acknowledge the influence of a Swedish provision that guarantees either work or good training opportunities at the rate for the job in order to improve the quality of labour inp...

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...nt, given its high proportion of claimants and because it is a ’trap’ from which it is difficult to escape. Research (Jackman & Layard 1991; Jackman et al. 1986; Meager & Metcalf 1987; Philpott 1990; =-=Robinson 1990-=-; Wadsworth 1991; White 1983) has consistently demonstrated the existence of this trap. Three main reasons for its existence have been advanced. Firstly, the long-term unemployed are more likely than ...

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...earnings for three years up to a maximum of £20 000 per year—provided they are seeking work. Average annual industrial earnings in the Netherlands are currently reported at £13 550 (=-=Taylor 1993-=-; Barnes 1993). These state benefits for the unemployed at a replacement rate of 70 per cent of average earnings can be compared with British rates of about 40 per cent in the first year of unemployme...

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...apter provisions of the Maastricht Treaty reflects this view, even though the chapter itself is scarcely an instrument for strengthening collective bargaining, trade unions and employment protection (=-=Towers 1992-=-). However, the government’s wider case for restoring the competitiveness of the European Union’s economies through employment flexibility and lower labour costs has support among poorer members of th...

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...was not left to the market. All three were subjected to a succession of legislative and policy interventions far removed from laissez-faire and subordinating all policies to the needs of the economy (=-=Wedderbum, 1988-=-). Full employment as an objective of government policy had been left far behind, being widely believed to be unattainable and, for 2. After 1982 the official measure of unemployment was changed from ...