Citation Context

...rk tie strengthsNetwork tie strength refers to “…a combination of the amount of time, thesemotional intensity, the intimacy (mutual confiding) and the reciprocalsservices which characterize the tie” (=-=Granovetter, 1973-=-: 1361).sHomophilysHomophily refers to the principle that a contact between similar peoplesoccurs at a higher rate than among dissimilar people (McPherson, SmithLovin, & Cook, 2001). It indicates that...

Citation Context

...spondents, while the non-respondents are excluded as a nonrandom subset of the population (Groves, 1989). There are three major methods that havesbeen widely used in literature for non-response test (=-=Armstrong & Overton, 1977-=-). Thesfirst method is to compare the composition of respondents and non-respondents based onsknown values, for example, demographic or publicly available characteristics like gender,sbusiness sector,...

Citation Context

...rst perspective is based on Population Ecology, as it concerns the influencesof environmental forces on the selection, retention and extinction of organizational formssover time (e.g., Aldrich, 1978; =-=Hannan and Freeman, 1977-=-). The second is resourcesdependence perspective that recognizes the environmental influence on organizationalssurvival, but emphasizes that possibility that organization can enhance their survivalsch...

Citation Context

...e is the number of tiessthat the node directs to others. For positive relations such as friendship orsadvice, indegree is usually interpreted as a form of popularity, andsoutdegree as gregariousness (=-=Freeman, 1977-=-; 1979).sNetwork Heterogeneity (Network Compositional Diversity)sHeterogeneity is differentiation along a nominal dimension (Blau, 1977:s9). In a social network context, heterogeneity or compositional...

Citation Context

...on, andsdiffusion of knowledge.sSocial capitalsSocial capital has been considered as one of the three types of capitals to thescompetitive arena: financial capital, human capital, and social capital (=-=Burt, 1992-=-).sAccording to Lin (2001, a), social capital "consists of resources embedded in socialsrelations and social structure, which can be mobilized when an actor wished to increasesthe likelihood of succes...

Citation Context

...fsthe errors that occur when there is a systematic difference between the answers fromsrespondents and non-respondents, while the non-respondents are excluded as a nonrandom subset of the population (=-=Groves, 1989-=-). There are three major methods that havesbeen widely used in literature for non-response test (Armstrong & Overton, 1977). Thesfirst method is to compare the composition of respondents and non-respo...

Citation Context

...increasing industrial andsacademic interest during the past few decades. Interorganizational networks refer tos26 relationships formed by organizations in diverse vertical and/or horizontal settingss(=-=Gulati & Gargiulo, 1999-=-). An inter-organizational network (IORN) may be defined ass“any bounded set of connected organizations where “boundary” is a membershipscriterion which follows commonly understood norms and where “co...

Citation Context

...r its function as bridges to connect people to informationsand other resources that would be otherwise unavailable within their close socialsnetworks. This argument also has empirical supports (e.g., =-=Burt, 2000-=-).sPerry-Smith andsShalley (2003) argue that weak ties are generally beneficial for creativity due to the factsthat exposure to different approaches and perspectives should enhance importants33 creati...

Citation Context

...ysis another perspective that organizational researchers use to stress the potential forsnetwork actors to reduce external uncertainty and solve common problems via jointsactions (e.g., Astley, 1984; =-=Gray, 1989-=-; Emery & Trist, 1973; Trist, 1983).sDistinctive from traditional organizational studies that focus on the individualsactors per se, organizational researchers holding a network perspective emphasize ...

Citation Context

...ssified into five broad,sempirically derived domains. It is a hierarchical model of personality traits with fivesbroad bipolar factors that represent personality at the broadest level of abstractions(=-=Gosling, Rentfrow, & Swann, 2003-=-). Each bipolar factor (e.g., Extraversion vs.sIntroversion) summarizes several more specific facets (e.g., Sociability), which, in turn,ssubsume a large number of even more specific traits (e.g., tal...

Citation Context

...ommon method bias, research had found that managerial perceptions ofsperformance are positively correlated with objective measures of organizations106 performance to a moderate to strong degree (e.g. =-=Dess and Roinson, 1984-=-; Dollinger andsGolder, 1992; Powell, 1992).sTwo dimensions of the organization performance were measured in this 11-items7-point Likert type scale ranging from 1 “Much Worse” to 7 “Much Better” (see ...

Citation Context

...ted as a form of popularity, andsoutdegree as gregariousness (Freeman, 1977; 1979).sNetwork Heterogeneity (Network Compositional Diversity)sHeterogeneity is differentiation along a nominal dimension (=-=Blau, 1977-=-:s9). In a social network context, heterogeneity or compositional diversitysmeasures the extent to which an individual has connections to differentssocial groups that can be operationalized with vario...

Citation Context

...inuities in demandsand growth rates in dynamic and volatile conditions. It is believed that turbulentsenvironments have high level of interperiod change that creates uncertainty andsunpredictability (=-=Dess & Beard, 1984-=-). Chakravarthy (1997) suggest that in turbulentsenvironments, competitive advantages are temporary and unstable. Industries with lowsbarriers to entry or exit may continuously change their structures...

Citation Context

...ther and how environmental conditions affect collective and interorganizationalsactions. Causal relationship has been found between various environmental dimensionssand firm’s competitive strategies (=-=Emery & Trist, 1965-=-). Dess, Ireland, and Hitt (1988)sexplored the association between the firms’ interorganizational behaviors and theirsindustrial conditions.sMarket turbulence is employed to operationalize the environ...

Citation Context

...s adjective persevering served as the basis for the BFI item ‘Perseveressuntil the task is finished,’ and the Openness adjective original became the BFI item ‘Issoriginal, comes up with new ideas’.” (=-=Benet-Martinez & John, 1998-=-: 730).sBoundary-spanning Personnel’s Social Networks StructuressA structured positional generator was used to examine the richness of socialsresources a respondent has for his/her business or career ...

Citation Context

...ocus on the individualsactors per se, organizational researchers holding a network perspective emphasize on thesrelations among the actors, whether they are individuals, work units, or organizationss(=-=Brass, Galaskiewicz, Greve, & Tsai, 2004-=-).s28 The central argument of network research is that actors are embedded in networkssof interconnected social relationships that offer opportunities for and constraints onsbehavior (Brass, et al., 2...

Citation Context

...al., 1999:319). As the body of embeddedness research grows, thissconcept has been used beyond the market to wider social contexts that involve all kindssof communication, relations, and transactions (=-=Emirbayer, 1997-=-).sStrength of tiessThe strength of tie is defined as “a combination of the amount of time, thesemotional intensity, the intimacy (mutual confiding) and the reciprocal services whichs32 characterize t...

Citation Context

...ychologists have proposed a five-factor structure to capture much of thesvariance in people’s personality traits (Goldberg, 1993; John, 1990). The five dimensionssembraced in this so-called Big-Five (=-=Goldberg, 1981-=-) include Extraversion,sAgreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness. According to BenetMartinez and John (1998):s“Extraversion summarizes traits related to activity and energy, dominan...

Citation Context

... Rather, the big five dimensions representspersonality at the broadest level of abstraction, and each dimension includes a largesnumber of distinct, more specific personality characteristics (Costa & =-=McCrae, 1995-=-;sJohn, 1990). The Big-Five’s limitation has also been recognized by the researchers (e.g.,sBenet & Waller, 1995; Block, 1995; McAdams, 1992). As McCrae and John (1992)ssummarized:sThere are disputes ...

Citation Context

...egy, the question about how they are developed arises. It is suggested that firms maysenjoy a high level of mutual trust in their cooperation when they have successful andsevolutionary relationships (=-=Child and Faulkner, 1998-=-). Trust is considered to be ansimportant relational condition for the continuity and development of cooperation betweens36 organizations, as it socially decreases transaction costs through the contro...

Citation Context

...ilities far beyond those available for any other type of self-administratedsquestionnaire, for example, skip patterns, pop-up instructions, and drop-down boxes withslong list of answer choices, etc. (=-=Dillman, 2000-=-). Fourth, since this study also involvedsquestions concerning perception, satisfaction and personality, a self-administratedsapproach may help mitigate the risk of interviewer bias. The limitations a...

Citation Context

... perspective that organizational researchers use to stress the potential forsnetwork actors to reduce external uncertainty and solve common problems via jointsactions (e.g., Astley, 1984; Gray, 1989; =-=Emery & Trist, 1973-=-; Trist, 1983).sDistinctive from traditional organizational studies that focus on the individualsactors per se, organizational researchers holding a network perspective emphasize on thesrelations amon...

Citation Context

...onstructing each other tossome extent. As a result, the offline relationships between organizations can influenceshow their online relationships are developed and established (Birnie & Horvath, 2002;s=-=Hampton & Wellman, 2000-=-). At the same time, hyperlink networks may in somescircumstances also reflect the off-line connections among social actors (Park & Thelwall,s2003). While the computer and the internet became increasi...

Citation Context

...ion of labor, etc.sAlthough the single-informant approach has been used extensively insmanagement research and is considered a reliable source when the informant is seniorsenough in the organization (=-=BarNir and Smith, 2002-=-), concerns also emerge with respectsto the common methods variance. Philips (1981) suggests that, in order to attenuatesmeasurement error, questions should be asked in a manner that allows the inform...

Citation Context

...ms like sales, profitability, or lower costs (e.g. Chen,s1999; Ballantine, Cleveland, & Koller, 1992), as well as in more subjective terms such assincreased innovation and added value (Chaston, 2000; =-=Dickson & Hadjimanolis, 1998-=-).sThis study used perceptual measures for organization performance, which are derivedsfrom questions asking informants to assess the performance of their own organizations74 relative to that of the i...

Citation Context

...ndship groupssshare more information than acquaintance groups. It is found that members of a closesnetwork tend to modify their attitudes, sentiments, or opinions to correspond to otherssaround them (=-=Frank & Fahrbach, 1999-=-). As Hansen (1999) argues, strong ties “providesthe highest relative net effect …when the knowledge is highly complex” (p. 105). Thissview has been supported by findings from empirical studies. For e...

Citation Context

...orld may be seen as co-constructing each other tossome extent. As a result, the offline relationships between organizations can influenceshow their online relationships are developed and established (=-=Birnie & Horvath, 2002-=-;sHampton & Wellman, 2000). At the same time, hyperlink networks may in somescircumstances also reflect the off-line connections among social actors (Park & Thelwall,s2003). While the computer and the...

Citation Context

...he development success and sustainability is necessary within a tourism system, where asrelatively large number of small actors with few resources can not pursue sustainablesdevelopment in isolation (=-=Halme, 2001-=-).sThere are quite a number of conceptual models that have been developed onstourism as a system. Gunn (1994) describes the functioning tourism system, whichsconsists of the supply side of attractions...

Citation Context

... life (p. 730).sThe big-five dimensions have shown theoretically meaningful associations withsimportant life outcomes, such as work and school performance (Barrick & Mount, 1991),swell-being (Costa & =-=McCrae, 1980-=-), delinquency (John, et al., 1994), and aspects ofspsychopathology (Widiger & Trull, 1992). It is suggested that the big five model ofspersonality can be used to describe the most salient aspects of ...

Citation Context

...es (Perry,s1999), and this is also the situation in the tourism industry.sIn recent years, increasing attention has been given to the importance ofsnetworking in the tourism and hospitality industry (=-=Augustyn & Knowles 2000-=-; Copp &sIvy 2001; Lynch 2000; Medina-Munoz & Garcia-Falcon 2000; Morrison 1998; Pavlovichs2003; Telfer 2001; Tinsley & Lynch 2001). A variety of networking forms, both formalsand informal, have been ...

Citation Context

...2 13 6.5sTotal 138 100 199 100sChi-square =12.159, df=12, p=.433sWave AnalysissThe wave analysis is based on the assumption that late respondents are moreslikely to be similar to the non-respondents (=-=Dalecki, Whitehead, & Blomquist, 1993-=-).sEarly and late respondents were differentiated based on whether an email reminder wassneeded before their completion of the survey. The respondents were split into two groups,sone group (n=73, 51.8...

Citation Context

...mension includes a largesnumber of distinct, more specific personality characteristics (Costa & McCrae, 1995;sJohn, 1990). The Big-Five’s limitation has also been recognized by the researchers (e.g.,s=-=Benet & Waller, 1995-=-; Block, 1995; McAdams, 1992). As McCrae and John (1992)ssummarized:sThere are disputes among five-factorists abou the best interpretation of thesfactors; there are certainly important distinctions to...

Citation Context

...rchers have begun to introduce the network concept tostheir hyperlink studies where the Web sites are treated as the nodes of a network that areslinked by their hyperlinks (e.g., Adamic & Adar, 2001; =-=Brunn & Dodge, 2001-=-; Halavais,s2000; Henzinger, 2001; Kleinberg, 1999; Kreb, 2000; Park, Barnett & Kim, 2000).sAccording to Park et al. (2002), Web sites are creating a hyperlink-network that connectsstheir partners, in...

Citation Context

...forementioned questions.sThe importance of networking in the tourism industry has been graduallysrecognized by scholars (e.g., Augustyn & Knowles, 2000; Ateljevic et al. 1999; Chathoths& Olsen, 2003; =-=Copp & Ivy, 2001-=-; Leslie & McAleena, 1990; Lynch, 2000; Morrison,s1998; Morrison, et al. 2002; Page, et al 1999; Pavlovich, 2003; Telfer, 2001 ; Tinsley &sLynch, 2001 ; Hwang et al. 2002). The network approach has be...

Citation Context

...h objective terms like sales, profitability, or lower costs (e.g. Chen,s1999; Ballantine, Cleveland, & Koller, 1992), as well as in more subjective terms such assincreased innovation and added value (=-=Chaston, 2000-=-; Dickson & Hadjimanolis, 1998).sThis study used perceptual measures for organization performance, which are derivedsfrom questions asking informants to assess the performance of their own organizatio...

Citation Context

...udies focused on a number of specialized and narrowly-definedspersonalityscharacteristics, for example, self-monitoring (e.g., Killduff, 1992; Mehra, et al., 2001),sentrepreneurial personality (e.g., =-=Burt, et al., 1998-=-), and socialsuniqueness (e.g., Killduff,s1992), etc. Only a very limited number of efforts have been made to examine thesrelationship between personality and individual’s social network structures fr...

Citation Context

...ly, a number of researchers have begun to introduce the network concept tostheir hyperlink studies where the Web sites are treated as the nodes of a network that areslinked by their hyperlinks (e.g., =-=Adamic & Adar, 2001-=-; Brunn & Dodge, 2001; Halavais,s2000; Henzinger, 2001; Kleinberg, 1999; Kreb, 2000; Park, Barnett & Kim, 2000).sAccording to Park et al. (2002), Web sites are creating a hyperlink-network that connec...

Citation Context

...g andsinnovation (Scott, et al., 2008), policy-making (Tyler & Dinnan, 2001; Pfoor, 2002),scollaborative destination marketing (Sheehan, Ritchie, & Hudson, 2007), and destinationswebsite development (=-=Bhat & Milne, 2008-=-), the majority of these tourism networksstudies are qualitative.sA small, but substantially growing body of quantitative network analysis on thestourism destination system has begun to appear in rece...

Citation Context

...d joint ventures.sThe common usage of this concept is based on Granovetter’s insight that “embeddednesssrefers to the on-going contextualization of economic exchange (activity) in socialsstructures” (=-=Dacin et al., 1999-=-:319). As the body of embeddedness research grows, thissconcept has been used beyond the market to wider social contexts that involve all kindssof communication, relations, and transactions (Emirbayer...

Citation Context

... researchscommissioned by a major North American bank found that the accessibility to formal andsinformal business networks and markets is a significant source for sustainable smallsbusiness success (=-=Anon, 2003-=-, cited from Street & Cameron, 2007).sThe Web of external relationship surrounding the small businesses, whethersreferred to as a “strategic alliance” or a “network”, is capable of providing a wide va...