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...on of the heteronormative/cisgendersbinary is a primary step on the path to antiheteronormative practice and research. Deconstructing the binary will require a higher level of critical consciousnesss(=-=Freire, 1997-=-), wherein counselors and counseling psychologists continuesto utilize identity categories like LGB and transgender while simultaneouslys(a) highlighting how normativity is being defined and (b) refle...

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...NNSYLVANIA STATE UNIV on March 4, 2016tcp.sagepub.comDownloaded froms396sThe Counseling Psychologist 40(3) dominant heterosexual, cisgender culture. However, queer theorists rejectsthese assumptions (=-=Sedgwick, 1990-=-; Warner, 1999; Wilchins, 2004). Queerstheorists do not seek to be embrace by, nor assimilated into, the heteronormative power structure; they seek the deconstruction of the heteronormativesparadigm a...

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...nant groups towardspersons of nondominant groups: microinvalidations. Microinvalidations arescommunications that subtly exclude or nullify the feelings, thoughts, or experiential reality of a person (=-=Sue & Sue, 2008-=-). For instance, when an AnglosAmerican asks an Asian American what country he or she is from, the AnglosAmerican has subtly and unintentionally nullified the Asian American’ssUnited States citizenshi...

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...ized forms of discrimination like racism, classism,ssexism, heteronormativity, and ableism. While dominant discourses tend to be invisible to members of societyswho occupy dominant social identities (=-=McIntosh, 1992-=-), they becomesat PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIV on March 4, 2016tcp.sagepub.comDownloaded froms388sThe Counseling Psychologist 40(3) vividly discernible to nondominant groups in the form of microaggressions...

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...ny, queer theorists may justly ask,s“Why choose to use language that positions us to be complicit in a regulatorysregime which does less to liberate sexual and gender minorities than to limitsthem?” (=-=Warner, 2002-=-). The answer is that socially constructed identity categories not only structure how persons think about and position themselves relative to power andsprivilege in society but simultaneously supply a...

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...dscategories like “heterosexual” and “homosexual” become instantiated as essential identities rather than as neutral social markers and, as such, become regulatory mechanisms of the dominant culture (=-=Warner, 1999-=-). However, asking the counselor in our scenario to operate without the usesof identity categories is difficult, as is evidenced by the very language weshave employed within this article; for example,...

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...lient’s perceptions of implicit bias and microinvalidation. Conclusion The emphasis on multicultural/social justice issues continues to grow in thescounseling fields (Toporek, Lewis, & Crethar, 2009; =-=Vera & Speight, 2003-=-).sAn important component of this journey is engagement in frequent, criticalsexaminations of how we, as counseling professionals, may be inadvertentlysperpetuating systems of oppression (Abrue, 2001;...

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...osexual queersallies negotiating their own homophobia (Berkowitz, 2005; Perez, 2005).sDespite the common use of the term, a number of authors have sought tosdislodge it (Dermer, Smith, & Barto, 2010; =-=Herek, 2004-=-; Schiffman, DeluciaWaack, & Gerrity, 2005). We also advocate suspending use of the term. Within the field of mental health, the term phobia defines an “establishedsclinical condition with specific di...

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...wards members of nondominant groups (Brondolo et al., 2008; Hwang &sGoto, 2009; Nadal, 2009; Purdie-Vaughns, Davis, Steele, & Ditlmann,s2008; Sinclair, 2006; Sue, Bucceri, Lin, Nadal, & Torino, 2009; =-=Sue, 2010-=-).sAs noted by Ridley (1995) in his landmark book Overcoming UnintentionalsRacism in Counseling and Therapy, “Good intentions are not enough” (p.s10). Indeed, acts of oppression through microaggressio...

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...therapeutic progresss(Harmon et al., 2007; Lambert, 2010). Routinely tracking the client’s perception of outcomes has been shown to consistently decrease rates of deterioration and enhance treatment (=-=Lambert et al., 2003-=-), while the therapist’ssperception of progress has been demonstrated to be inaccurate (Breslin,sSobell, Buchan, & Cunningham, 1997; Hannan et al., 2005). This particularsarea of research would seem t...

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...999; Wilchins, 2004). Queerstheorists do not seek to be embrace by, nor assimilated into, the heteronormative power structure; they seek the deconstruction of the heteronormativesparadigm altogether (=-=Stein & Plummer, 1996-=-). Ahmed (2004) writes that it iss“important that queer lives do not follow the scripts of heteronormative culture”sbecause this would “support the ideals that script such lives as queer, failedsand u...

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...at is either gaysor straight. Binary discourses are ubiquitous (Fassinger, 2000), given thats“Western thought tends to cast any difference into opposing halves thatsbetween them exhaust all meaning” (=-=Wilchins, 2004-=-, p. 40). Greater interrogation of the discourse of the binary is essential for the fields of counseling tosmove forward on sexual and gender minority issues (Bieschke et al., 2005). What is insidious...

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...asure microaggression variables (Laus& Williams, 2010). Finally, rich data are beginning to emerge regarding the efficacy of routinely monitoring real-time client feedback about therapeutic progresss(=-=Harmon et al., 2007-=-; Lambert, 2010). Routinely tracking the client’s perception of outcomes has been shown to consistently decrease rates of deterioration and enhance treatment (Lambert et al., 2003), while the therapis...

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...rguson, & Diggs, 2008). High occurrences of dissatisfaction with counselingsservices due to experiences with heterosexist bias and counselors’ generalslack of awareness of LGB and transgender issues (=-=Liddle, 1997-=-; Palma &sStanley, 2002) are considered to be consequences of inadequate and ineffective training approaches. Therefore, we suggest there is no better focal pointsfor research than empirical studies t...

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...which consider language as not merely descriptive butsconstitutive. The language counselors and counseling psychologists usesreinforce and “write” societal notions of appropriate roles and behaviorss(=-=Fassinger, 2000-=-), shaping and constructing the counseling fields’ approachstoward sexual and gender-transgressive minority issues in ways that may notsbe immediately apparent. Furthermore, our epistemic assumptions ...

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...y well-intended, egalitarian members of dominant groupsstowards members of nondominant groups (Brondolo et al., 2008; Hwang &sGoto, 2009; Nadal, 2009; Purdie-Vaughns, Davis, Steele, & Ditlmann,s2008; =-=Sinclair, 2006-=-; Sue, Bucceri, Lin, Nadal, & Torino, 2009; Sue, 2010).sAs noted by Ridley (1995) in his landmark book Overcoming UnintentionalsRacism in Counseling and Therapy, “Good intentions are not enough” (p.s1...

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...s.” A family of LGBT-affirmingsterms has replaced LGBT-accepting as the predominant way to communicatesone’s positive disposition: for example, LGB-affirmative (Chen-Hayes, 2005;sDillon et al., 2004; =-=Israel & Hackett, 2004-=-), affirmative therapy (Rostosky,sRiggle, Gray, & Hatton, 2007), and affirmative psychology (Bieschke et al.,s2008). At first glance, such language does not appear to be harmful. Indeed,sTozer and McC...

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...ell as the narratives of heterosexual queersallies negotiating their own homophobia (Berkowitz, 2005; Perez, 2005).sDespite the common use of the term, a number of authors have sought tosdislodge it (=-=Dermer, Smith, & Barto, 2010-=-; Herek, 2004; Schiffman, DeluciaWaack, & Gerrity, 2005). We also advocate suspending use of the term. Within the field of mental health, the term phobia defines an “establishedsclinical condition wit...

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...tingsat PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIV on March 4, 2016tcp.sagepub.comDownloaded fromsSmith et al. 389 room of a mental health clinic contains magazines that only display heterosexual and cisgender couples (=-=Nadal et al., 2010-=-). Both experiences can subtlysnullify a client’s queer reality and result in negative emotional effects. Through the aid of the earlier case example, this article will demonstrateshow microaggression...

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...387 Introduction This article seeks to respond to the call for more complex, critical, and evens“painful” explorations of the norms within counseling professions regardingsLGB and transgender issues (=-=Bieschke, Croteau, Lark, & Vandiver, 2005-=-;sSmith, 2009a). The authors will argue that language currently used in the counseling fields reinforces the discourse of heterosexist dominance, resulting insunintended microaggressions towards, and ...

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... and gender minorities withinslarger societal systems of power and privilege, and they imply moral culpability. While leading scholars have been utilizing such language for somestime (Bieschke, 2002; =-=Carroll & Gilroy, 2001-=-; Chen-Hayes, 1997; Croteau,sBieschke, Philips, & Lark, 1998; Fassinger, 2000), the authors call on counseling practitioners and educators to integrate the terms heterosexism andsheteronormativity mor...

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...,sit should be apparent to the counselor that ze must take immediate action. Implications A number of researchers have expressed concerns about the lack of competent counselor training in LGB issues (=-=Croteau et al., 1998-=-; Rutter, Estrada,sFerguson, & Diggs, 2008). High occurrences of dissatisfaction with counselingsservices due to experiences with heterosexist bias and counselors’ generalslack of awareness of LGB and...

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.... Historically, the dilemma of potentially assigning gender where gender issnot explicit entailed the risk of promoting inequality between men and womensand fostering limited gender roles (Lee, 1985; =-=Maggio, 1991-=-). The AmericansPsychological Association has published guidelines for “non-sexist” language,ssuggesting that using gendered language where gender is ambiguous is onlysof concern in so far as it may b...

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...nderstanding of thesexperiences of othered groups, (b) the critical evaluation one’s own assumptions, and (c) the breaking down of one’s biases (Aberson, Shoemaker, &sTomolillo, 2004; McKinney, 2006; =-=Shelton & Richeson, 2005-=-). Specific tosthe relationship between well-intentioned heterosexuals and sexual minorities, an authentic relationship was found to be fundamental in the process ofsdeveloping greater critical consci...

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...therapy in their training programs. First, we encourage further research that investigates strategies for fosteringscounseling students’ engagement in the process of active racial/culturalsawareness (=-=Collins & Pieterse, 2007-=-, p. 16), which is defined as gaining “thescapacity to consistently engage with others in an exploration of the automaticsassumptions that guide one’s everyday thoughts, feelings, and behaviors” assoc...

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...avoid her own complicitysin heterosexual privilege (Johnson, 2006) and to avoid uncovering the wayssin which she is inadvertently perpetuating the negative messages that arespervasive in our society (=-=Smith & Shin, 2008-=-). Furthermore, by framing her response to prejudice as the confrontationsof “homophobic acts” whenever she witnesses them, she situates acts of prejudice within the individual and overt domains. This...

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...nt groups (Fassinger &sArseneau, 2007). These identity categories are written into society and maintained by way of discourses that position individuals and groups in powersrelations with each other (=-=Winslade, Monk, & Drewery, 1997-=-). According tosRobinson (1999), discourses write “the ways in which people act on the worldsand the ways in which the world acts on individuals” (p. 73). Dominant discourses reinforce systems of powe...

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... counselor is thus missing the point that tosengage in the process of becoming a multiculturally competent counselorsrequires a lifelong commitment to confronting internalized stereotypes andsbiases (=-=Boysen, 2010-=-). Anchoring her disposition in a decontextualized construct like homophobia discursively allows her to avoid her own complicitysin heterosexual privilege (Johnson, 2006) and to avoid uncovering the w...

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...groups. A growingsbody of literature has demonstrated the damaging impact of microaggressions committed by well-intended, egalitarian members of dominant groupsstowards members of nondominant groups (=-=Brondolo et al., 2008-=-; Hwang &sGoto, 2009; Nadal, 2009; Purdie-Vaughns, Davis, Steele, & Ditlmann,s2008; Sinclair, 2006; Sue, Bucceri, Lin, Nadal, & Torino, 2009; Sue, 2010).sAs noted by Ridley (1995) in his landmark book...

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... well-intentioned heterosexuals and sexual minorities, an authentic relationship was found to be fundamental in the process ofsdeveloping greater critical consciousness and interrupting heterosexisms(=-=Castro-Convers, Gray, Nicholas, & Metzler, 2005-=-; Smith, 2009a; Vonofakou,sHewstone, & Voci, 2007). We must emphasize that such relationships must be authentic and genuine,snot connections that are voyeuristic or solely based on the desire to incre...

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...the fields of counseling and counseling psychology to consider a paradigm shift: Rather than promoting “affirmative psychotherapy”s(Bieschke, Perez, & DeBoard, 2007) or “LGB-affirmative scholarship”s(=-=Croteau, Lark, & Lance, 2005-=-), the fields could move forward by creatingsand promoting new constructs such as “anti-heteronormative counseling”sand “heterosexist interruptive scholarship.” If this linguistic transformationswere ...

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... language on female/ male equality, with hardly any operating from the assumption of the meaningsof gender-equality for gender-transgressive minorities (Hessling & Madson,s2001; Madson & Shoda, 2006; =-=McCormick, 1990-=-).sat PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIV on March 4, 2016tcp.sagepub.comDownloaded froms398sThe Counseling Psychologist 40(3) Traditionally, the pronoun he has been used to denote no-gender when necessary, simil...

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...peight, 2003).sAn important component of this journey is engagement in frequent, criticalsexaminations of how we, as counseling professionals, may be inadvertentlysperpetuating systems of oppression (=-=Abrue, 2001-=-; Boysen, 2010). The powersinherent in language to shape and produce phenomena means that counselorssand counseling psychologists should continually scrutinize and deconstructslanguage that inhibits t...

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...ieschke,sHardy, Fassinger, & Croteau, 2008), and “homophobic behavior” (Bowers,sPlummer, & Minichiello, 2005), as well as the narratives of heterosexual queersallies negotiating their own homophobia (=-=Berkowitz, 2005-=-; Perez, 2005).sDespite the common use of the term, a number of authors have sought tosdislodge it (Dermer, Smith, & Barto, 2010; Herek, 2004; Schiffman, DeluciaWaack, & Gerrity, 2005). We also advoca...

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...ty toward sexual and gender minorities withinslarger societal systems of power and privilege, and they imply moral culpability. While leading scholars have been utilizing such language for somestime (=-=Bieschke, 2002-=-; Carroll & Gilroy, 2001; Chen-Hayes, 1997; Croteau,sBieschke, Philips, & Lark, 1998; Fassinger, 2000), the authors call on counseling practitioners and educators to integrate the terms heterosexism a...

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...pting heteronormativity at all levels of society. We further invite the fields of counseling and counseling psychology to consider a paradigm shift: Rather than promoting “affirmative psychotherapy”s(=-=Bieschke, Perez, & DeBoard, 2007-=-) or “LGB-affirmative scholarship”s(Croteau, Lark, & Lance, 2005), the fields could move forward by creatingsand promoting new constructs such as “anti-heteronormative counseling”sand “heterosexist in...

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...ting, affirming, or celebrating LGB and transgender individuals and communities. A truly inclusive society can only be accomplished through the dismantlingsof the heteronormative paradigm altogether (=-=Carroll & Gilroy, 2002-=-). Rather than utilizing the hierarchical language of affirmation, we call onscounselors and counseling psychologists to utilize positive disposition language that is grounded in their own struggles t...

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... the language of “affirming LGBT persons.” A family of LGBT-affirmingsterms has replaced LGBT-accepting as the predominant way to communicatesone’s positive disposition: for example, LGB-affirmative (=-=Chen-Hayes, 2005-=-;sDillon et al., 2004; Israel & Hackett, 2004), affirmative therapy (Rostosky,sRiggle, Gray, & Hatton, 2007), and affirmative psychology (Bieschke et al.,s2008). At first glance, such language does no...

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...iarchy. Research has suggested that the use of she for such purposes does not implicitly denote ambiguous gender to the average reader but rather is seen as implying someone whosidentifies as female (=-=Hessling & Madson, 2001-=-). Alternatives to using eithershe or she include writing, exhaustingly, he or she or she or he, sometimessabbreviated in various ways such as s/he, which can become quite cumbersome,sespecially when ...

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... expression. Historically, the dilemma of potentially assigning gender where gender issnot explicit entailed the risk of promoting inequality between men and womensand fostering limited gender roles (=-=Lee, 1985-=-; Maggio, 1991). The AmericansPsychological Association has published guidelines for “non-sexist” language,ssuggesting that using gendered language where gender is ambiguous is onlysof concern in so f...

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...stering (a) an understanding of thesexperiences of othered groups, (b) the critical evaluation one’s own assumptions, and (c) the breaking down of one’s biases (Aberson, Shoemaker, &sTomolillo, 2004; =-=McKinney, 2006-=-; Shelton & Richeson, 2005). Specific tosthe relationship between well-intentioned heterosexuals and sexual minorities, an authentic relationship was found to be fundamental in the process ofsdevelopi...

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...monstrated the damaging impact of microaggressions committed by well-intended, egalitarian members of dominant groupsstowards members of nondominant groups (Brondolo et al., 2008; Hwang &sGoto, 2009; =-=Nadal, 2009-=-; Purdie-Vaughns, Davis, Steele, & Ditlmann,s2008; Sinclair, 2006; Sue, Bucceri, Lin, Nadal, & Torino, 2009; Sue, 2010).sAs noted by Ridley (1995) in his landmark book Overcoming UnintentionalsRacism ...

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...assinger, & Croteau, 2008), and “homophobic behavior” (Bowers,sPlummer, & Minichiello, 2005), as well as the narratives of heterosexual queersallies negotiating their own homophobia (Berkowitz, 2005; =-=Perez, 2005-=-).sDespite the common use of the term, a number of authors have sought tosdislodge it (Dermer, Smith, & Barto, 2010; Herek, 2004; Schiffman, DeluciaWaack, & Gerrity, 2005). We also advocate suspending...

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...Waack, & Gerrity, 2005). We also advocate suspending use of the term. Within the field of mental health, the term phobia defines an “establishedsclinical condition with specific diagnostic criteria” (=-=Schiffman et al., 2005-=-, p. 2).sHomophobia runs the risk of subtly situating negativity toward sexual andsgender minorities within the medical model, essentializing the phenomenon,sand diluting and flattening the moral culp...

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...ond to the call for more complex, critical, and evens“painful” explorations of the norms within counseling professions regardingsLGB and transgender issues (Bieschke, Croteau, Lark, & Vandiver, 2005;s=-=Smith, 2009-=-a). The authors will argue that language currently used in the counseling fields reinforces the discourse of heterosexist dominance, resulting insunintended microaggressions towards, and oppression of...

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...ond to the call for more complex, critical, and evens“painful” explorations of the norms within counseling professions regardingsLGB and transgender issues (Bieschke, Croteau, Lark, & Vandiver, 2005;s=-=Smith, 2009-=-a). The authors will argue that language currently used in the counseling fields reinforces the discourse of heterosexist dominance, resulting insunintended microaggressions towards, and oppression of...

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... egalitarian members of dominant groupsstowards members of nondominant groups (Brondolo et al., 2008; Hwang &sGoto, 2009; Nadal, 2009; Purdie-Vaughns, Davis, Steele, & Ditlmann,s2008; Sinclair, 2006; =-=Sue, Bucceri, Lin, Nadal, & Torino, 2009-=-; Sue, 2010).sAs noted by Ridley (1995) in his landmark book Overcoming UnintentionalsRacism in Counseling and Therapy, “Good intentions are not enough” (p.s10). Indeed, acts of oppression through mic...