Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest –Optimal Management
Citations
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Citation Context ...diac and noncardiac related diseases are also well recognised, as initiallysdisputed (Table 1). Sudden out of hospital cardiac arrest accounts for around 0.5 - 1 deaths per 1000 population everysyear =-=[2]-=-. In North America alone, more than 300.000 deathssper year are attributed to SCA [3]. The survival rate has remained very low for several decades, with only 8-10 % ofspatients surviving to hospital d... |
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TW, Buist MD, et al. Treatment of comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with induced hypothermia
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Citation Context ...y post-ROSC intervention shown to improve survival from OHCA [38]. Twosmajor randomised clinical trials (the Hypothermia AftersCardiac Arrest trial from Europe [39] and a smaller trialsfrom Australia =-=[40]-=-) have demonstrated the efficacy of thissintervention. The exact mechanism of the protective effectssFig. (1). Algorithm for Advanced Life Support (ALS) [21].s320sCurrent Cardiology Reviews, 2013, Vol... |
89 | Poliac LC, Mathenge R, Roberts WC, Mueller FO. Sudden death in young competitive athletes. Clinical, demographic, and pathological profiles. JAMA - BJ, Shirani - 1996 |
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Predictors of survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 3:63–81 30. Wolff H, Chong HG,
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Citation Context ... attributed to SCA [3]. The survival rate has remained very low for several decades, with only 8-10 % ofspatients surviving to hospital discharge and in many ruralsareas survival is dramatically less =-=[4]-=-. Survival and longterm functional outcome are closely related to the underlyingscause such as initial rhythm.sRISK FACTORS FOR SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATHsThe high mortality associated with SCA emphasises t... |
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GB, et al. European resuscitation council guidelines for resuscitation 2010 section 4. Adult advanced life support. Resuscitation
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Citation Context ...tic resonance imaging (MRI) but also genetic testing may be useful in thisssetting.sMANAGEMENT OF SCAsThe European Resuscitation Council (ERC) updated theirsguidelines on the treatment of SCA in 2010 =-=[21]-=-. The mainschanges compared to the 2005 guidelines in Basic Life Support (BLS) were the introduction of a compression/ventilation ratio of 30:2 as compared to 15:2 to optimizesmaintenance of circulati... |
75 |
ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force and the European Society of Cardiology Com
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Citation Context ... refers to the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines on decision making on implantablescardioverter defibrillator (ICD) implantation for secondarysprevention of SCA due to severe arrhythmia =-=[57, 58]-=-. Additional therapies including VT ablation or permanent antiarrhythmic therapy may be warranted in selected cases. However, as outlined previously severe arrhythmias are closelysrelated to an impair... |
61 |
ACC/AHA/ HRS 2008 Guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (writing committee to revise the ACC/AHA/NASPE 2002 guidelin
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Citation Context ... refers to the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines on decision making on implantablescardioverter defibrillator (ICD) implantation for secondarysprevention of SCA due to severe arrhythmia =-=[57, 58]-=-. Additional therapies including VT ablation or permanent antiarrhythmic therapy may be warranted in selected cases. However, as outlined previously severe arrhythmias are closelysrelated to an impair... |
41 |
Recommendations and considerations related to preparticipation screening for cardiovascular abnormalities in competitive athletes: 2007 update: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabol
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Citation Context ...pertrophic cardiomyopathy, abnormal origin of the coronary arteries, myocarditis, arrhythmic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC), mitral valve prolapse, aortic stenosis, coronarysarteriosclerosis =-=[19]-=-. The European Society of Cardiologys(ESC) has published guidelines for the pre-participationsscreening of young competitive athletes in 2005 [20]:s• Complete personal and family history and physicals... |
38 |
Callaway et al., “Regional variation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest incidence and outcome
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Citation Context ...(Table 1). Sudden out of hospital cardiac arrest accounts for around 0.5 - 1 deaths per 1000 population everysyear [2]. In North America alone, more than 300.000 deathssper year are attributed to SCA =-=[3]-=-. The survival rate has remained very low for several decades, with only 8-10 % ofspatients surviving to hospital discharge and in many ruralsareas survival is dramatically less [4]. Survival and long... |
35 | Therapeutic hypothermia and controlled normothermia in the intensive care unit: practical considerations, side effects, and cooling methods. Crit Care Med 37:1101–1120.
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Citation Context ...>35°C body temperature. Moreover, leucocyte function maysbe decreased resulting in an increased risk for infectionss[39]. On the ECG, bradycardia and a prolongation of the QTsinterval may be detected =-=[52]-=-. In rare cases, severe arrhythmias are provoked by MTH. Further, due to renal side effects, the electrolyte balance may be altered and carefulsmonitoring is mandatory [53, 54]. Additionally, the meta... |
32 | Cardiovascular pre-participation screening of young competitive athletes for prevention of sudden death: proposal for a common European protocol.
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Citation Context ... prolapse, aortic stenosis, coronarysarteriosclerosis [19]. The European Society of Cardiologys(ESC) has published guidelines for the pre-participationsscreening of young competitive athletes in 2005 =-=[20]-=-:s• Complete personal and family history and physicalsexaminations• 12 lead ECGs• Any abnormal findings warrant further examinations(e.g. echocardiography or cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR)s•... |
21 |
Temporal trends in sudden cardiac arrest: a 25-year emergency medical services perspective. Circulation
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Citation Context ... witnessedscardiac arrest [64]. In the vast majority of patients, ventricular fibrillation will not terminate spontaneously and thesprobability to survive will decline by 10% per minute of ongoing VF =-=[65]-=-. Ideally, a regular pulse is restored within 10sminutes of CPR [66].sIn a study including 200 patients presenting with ventricular fibrillation and successful early defibrillation, 72%sof patients su... |
19 |
Peerdeman SM, Girbes AR. Hypophosphatemia and hypomagnesemia induced by cooling in patients with severe head injury
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Citation Context ...QTsinterval may be detected [52]. In rare cases, severe arrhythmias are provoked by MTH. Further, due to renal side effects, the electrolyte balance may be altered and carefulsmonitoring is mandatory =-=[53, 54]-=-. Additionally, the metabolisation of several drugs may be altered by MTH [54].sSECONDARY PREVENTION OF SCAsIn patients who survived SCA, strategies are needed tosprevent future, potentially fatal eve... |
18 |
Smoking as a risk factor for recurrence of sudden cardiac arrest
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Citation Context ...coronary arterysdisease is the most important cause of SCA, cardiovascularsrisk factors also increase the risk of OHCA and this is especially the case for diabetes and smoking but less so for obesity =-=[8, 9]-=-.sHowever, our understanding of the relationship betweensacute myocardial ischemia and its most fatal immediates*Address for correspondence to this author at the Senior Lecturer and Consultant Cardiol... |
17 |
The impact of the coronary collateral circulation on mortality: a meta-analysis,”
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Citation Context ...aterals [12]. Furthermore, a well-developed collateral circulation has been associated with reduced risk for cardiac and all-cause mortality in patients with stable coronary artery disease in generals=-=[13]-=-.sELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENTsTesting of the electrical vulnerability to ventricular arrhythmia remains elusive. This is primarily due to the dynamic nature of the electrophysiological behavi... |
17 |
AA, Neumar RW. Inter-hospital variability in post-cardiac arrest mortality. Resuscitation
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Citation Context ... the hospital they are admitted to [70] and there isssome evidence that mortality is lower among those admittedsto intensive care units (ICUs) that treat a high volume ofspost-cardiac arrest patients =-=[71]-=-. A specialised multidisciplinary team approach to post-resuscitation care is essential.sPost-resuscitation care is started by the EMS on scene and inssome systems this may include pre-hospital induct... |
16 | Poliac LC, Roberts WO. Risk for sudden cardiac death associated with marathon running - BJ |
14 |
et al. Immediate coronary angiography in survivers of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest
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Citation Context ...ucial. Several non-randomised observationalsstudies have demonstrated survival benefit from early angiography post-OHCA compared to no coronary angiographysor percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) =-=[29, 30]-=-. However, other studies have also highlighted an increased complication risk if early angiography is performed in these patients [31]. In our view, although the role of immediate coroTable 2. Diagnos... |
14 |
A randomized clinical trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a percutaneous left ventricular assist device versus intra-aortic balloon pumping for treatment of cardiogenic shock caused by myocardial infarction
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Citation Context ...tervention. For example, in patients withscardiogenic shock, an intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) orsother support devices (e.g. Impella 2.5) can be inserted atsthis occasion to augment cardiac output =-=[32]-=-.sMoreover, approximately 80% of OHCA presentingswith VF or VT are cardiac in origin and these patients maysbenefit from an early PCI [33]. Studies are currently undersway to determine whether patient... |
13 |
TD, Sotoodehnia N, Empana JP, Siscovick DS. Diabetes, glucose level, and risk of sudden cardiac death. Eur Heart J
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Citation Context ...coronary arterysdisease is the most important cause of SCA, cardiovascularsrisk factors also increase the risk of OHCA and this is especially the case for diabetes and smoking but less so for obesity =-=[8, 9]-=-.sHowever, our understanding of the relationship betweensacute myocardial ischemia and its most fatal immediates*Address for correspondence to this author at the Senior Lecturer and Consultant Cardiol... |
13 |
End-tidal carbon dioxide and outcome of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.
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Citation Context ...is determined by several factors. In case of asystole or PEA as the initial rhythm,sa prolonged cardiac arrest must be assumed and thereforesonly 10% of patients will survive until hospital admissions=-=[62, 63]-=-. In contrast, outcome is much better in patients withsventricular arrhythmias, especially in those with a witnessedscardiac arrest [64]. In the vast majority of patients, ventricular fibrillation wil... |
12 |
Identification of patients most likely to benefit from implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy: the Canadian Implantable Defibrillator Study. Circulation 2000;101:1660–4
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Citation Context .... However, as outlined previously severe arrhythmias are closelysrelated to an impaired left ventricular function, and an optimal heart failure management will be mandatory in this patient population =-=[59]-=-.sPROGNOSIS AFTER SCAsThe Time to defibrillation and other factors such as bystander CPR, has not improved over precise time [60]. Theschain of survival (Fig. 2) is changing over time and it isslikely... |
11 |
American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Foundation/Heart Rhythm Society scientific statement on noninvasive risk stratification techniques for identifying patients at risk for sudden cardiac death. A scientific statement from the America
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Citation Context ...he inducibility of ventricular arrhythmiashas been advocated, the validity of this approach is uncertain. Non-invasive investigations have been developed tosestimate the susceptibility to arrhythmias =-=[14]-=-. These testssexamine different aspects of myocardial electrophysiologysas reflected on the surface electrocardiogram (ECG),snamely change of autonomic function due to increased circulating catecholam... |
10 |
AP, Fahrenbruch C, Copass MK, Ray R. Factors influencing survival after out-ofhospital cardiac arrest
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Citation Context ...is determined by several factors. In case of asystole or PEA as the initial rhythm,sa prolonged cardiac arrest must be assumed and thereforesonly 10% of patients will survive until hospital admissions=-=[62, 63]-=-. In contrast, outcome is much better in patients withsventricular arrhythmias, especially in those with a witnessedscardiac arrest [64]. In the vast majority of patients, ventricular fibrillation wil... |
8 |
et al. Outcome, timing and adverse events in therapeutic hypothermia after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2009; 53: 926–934
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Citation Context ...onary angiographysor percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) [29, 30]. However, other studies have also highlighted an increased complication risk if early angiography is performed in these patients =-=[31]-=-. In our view, although the role of immediate coroTable 2. Diagnostic Investigations for Patients After OHCAsHistory and physical examinations• Prior diagnoses of heart diseases, concomitant diseases?... |
7 | Myerburg RJ. Epidemiology of sudden coronary death: an overview. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1994;37:39–48. CLINICAL PERSPECTIVE Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a major public health concern, accounting for 450 000 deaths in the United States each year. It frequen - Demirovic |
7 | Sudden cardiac death in hemodialysis patients: an in-depth review,” - Green, Roberts, et al. - 2011 |
7 |
Mechanical chest-compression devices: current and future roles. Curr Opin Crit Care
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Citation Context ...al chest compression devices (e.g., LUCASs(Jolife, Lund, Sweden) and AutoPulse (Zoll Circulation,sChelmsford, Massachusetts, USA) adequate chest compression quality can be maintained during transport =-=[24]-=-. However, there is currently insufficient evidence for a clear advantage over manual chest compressions with regard tosclinical outcomes when using the LUCAS device [25]. Similarly, the Circulation I... |
7 | Immediate percutaneous coronary intervention is associated with better survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: insights from
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Citation Context ...ucial. Several non-randomised observationalsstudies have demonstrated survival benefit from early angiography post-OHCA compared to no coronary angiographysor percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) =-=[29, 30]-=-. However, other studies have also highlighted an increased complication risk if early angiography is performed in these patients [31]. In our view, although the role of immediate coroTable 2. Diagnos... |
6 |
Callans DJ, et al. ACC/AHA/HRS 2006 key data elements and definitions for electrophysiological studies and procedures: a report of the American
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Citation Context ...to sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT)/ventricular fibrillation (VF), asystole orspulseless electric activity (PEA). There are also non-cardiacsetiologies for sudden circulatory collapse (Table 1) =-=[1]-=-. Thesmost common cause of cardiac arrest is acute or chronicscoronary artery disease but various other cardiac and noncardiac related diseases are also well recognised, as initiallysdisputed (Table 1... |
6 |
Abeytua et al., “Influence of collateral circulation on in-hospital death from anterior acute myocardial infarction,”
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Citation Context ...arction showed lower incidence for malignantsarrhythmias (defined as VF, VT or high degree atrioventricular (AV) block and lower mortality in patients withsangiographically well-developed collaterals =-=[12]-=-. Furthermore, a well-developed collateral circulation has been associated with reduced risk for cardiac and all-cause mortality in patients with stable coronary artery disease in generals[13].sELECTR... |
6 | Sudden cardiac death in Air Force recruits. A 20-year review. JAMA - Phillips, Robinowitz, et al. - 1986 |
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et al. Cardiac arrest in the catheterisation laboratory: a 5-year experience of using mechanical chest compressions to facilitate PCI during prolonged resuscitation efforts. Resuscitation 2010; 81(4
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Citation Context ...determine whether patients who fail to achieve return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) at the scene andswho are suspected to have obstructive CAD may benefitsfrom PCI whilst receiving continuous CPR =-=[34]-=-. Importantly, PCI plays a major role in the improved survivalsrates [35, 36]. In a study of 714 OHCA patients referred tosa tertiary centre in Paris, 435 (61%) had no obvious extracardiac cause. This... |
6 |
et al. Induction of therapeutic hypothermia by paramedics after resuscitation from out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest: A randomized controlled trial. Circulation 2010; 122
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Citation Context ...ospital? Some experimental studies suggest that early cooling improves outcome; butsa randomised clinical trial failed to show superiority for prehospital cooling versus in-hospital initiated cooling =-=[42]-=-. Thestime frame during which MTH can be initiated is unknown.sThe length of time MTH should be maintained is also uncertain. In the Australian trial patients were cooled for 12 hourss[40], while in t... |
6 |
CR: Reversible inhibition of human platelet activation by hypothermia in vivo and in vitro. Thromb Haemost
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Citation Context ...p options being available.sHowever, in patients with MTH several side effects maysoccur. MTH may affect the coagulation cascade and plateletsfunction, eventually leading to an increased bleeding risks=-=[50, 51]-=-. In case of bleeding, the patient should be rewarmeds>35°C body temperature. Moreover, leucocyte function maysbe decreased resulting in an increased risk for infectionss[39]. On the ECG, bradycardia ... |
6 |
Gersh BJ, et al. Long-term outcomes of outof-hospital cardiac arrest after successful early defibrillation
- TJ, RD
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Citation Context ...sonly 10% of patients will survive until hospital admissions[62, 63]. In contrast, outcome is much better in patients withsventricular arrhythmias, especially in those with a witnessedscardiac arrest =-=[64]-=-. In the vast majority of patients, ventricular fibrillation will not terminate spontaneously and thesprobability to survive will decline by 10% per minute of ongoing VF [65]. Ideally, a regular pulse... |
6 |
Xanthos T, Papadimitriou L. Biochemical markers (NSE, S-100, IL-8) as predictors of neurological outcome in patients after cardiac arrest and return of spontaneous circulation
- KA
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Citation Context ...estimatesthe impact of hypoxic brain injury, such as the levels of thesprotein “neurone specific enolase”, “S-100” or “IL-8”, although predictive value and accuracy varies widely in different studies =-=[67, 68]-=-. More precise tools to predict outcomesswould help tremendously for optimal resource allocations[69].sCARDIAC ARREST CENTRESsThere is variation in outcome for OHCA patients depending on the hospital ... |
6 |
TP, Eigel B, et al. Regional systems of care for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A policy statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation
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Citation Context ...s model might besapplicable to other medical conditions such as OHCA orsstroke. Based on this premise, regionalised, coordinated resuscitation centres to care for post-OHCA patients has beensproposed =-=[72]-=-. EMS providers should transport patients tosthose hospitals that are best suited for caring for OHCA victims - such hospitals would provide therapeutic hypothermia,s24/7 access to PCI facilities and ... |
5 |
JP: The role of hypothermia in post-cardiac arrest patients with return of spontaneous circulation: A systematic review. Resuscitation
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Citation Context ... the circumstance of hypothermia, the concept of therapeutic hypothermia has been proposed in patients with OHCA. As to date, it is the only post-ROSC intervention shown to improve survival from OHCA =-=[38]-=-. Twosmajor randomised clinical trials (the Hypothermia AftersCardiac Arrest trial from Europe [39] and a smaller trialsfrom Australia [40]) have demonstrated the efficacy of thissintervention. The ex... |
5 |
RJ, Tibby SM. Therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest: a retrospective comparison of surface and endovascular cooling techniques. Resuscitation
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Citation Context ...olingsblankets and ice packs to the axilla, groin and neck, hassalso been advocated. These devices are simple, require lesssoperator experience, and are inexpensive, but initial coolingsmay be slower =-=[45]-=-. One study has shown that both intravascular and surface cooling are equivalent in their effectiveness to reach and maintain core temperatures [46],salthough another showed better temperature control... |
5 |
et al. Increase in survival and bystander CPR in out-of-hospital shockable arrhythmia: bystander CPR and female gender are predictors of improved outcome. Experiences from Sweden in an 18-year perspective. Heart 2011; 97(17
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Citation Context ... induction of hypothermia and early coronary intervention. Overall, suchschanges have increased the survival rate. In Sweden for instance, the survival rate after OHCA has doubled over theslast years =-=[61]-=-.sThe prognosis after cardiac arrest is determined by several factors. In case of asystole or PEA as the initial rhythm,sa prolonged cardiac arrest must be assumed and thereforesonly 10% of patients w... |
4 |
Quantitative troponin and death, cardiogenic shock, cardiac arrest and new heart failure in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes (NSTE ACS): insights from the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events
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Citation Context ...5) can be inserted atsthis occasion to augment cardiac output [32].sMoreover, approximately 80% of OHCA presentingswith VF or VT are cardiac in origin and these patients maysbenefit from an early PCI =-=[33]-=-. Studies are currently undersway to determine whether patients who fail to achieve return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) at the scene andswho are suspected to have obstructive CAD may benefitsfrom... |
4 |
Bossaert LL, Danchin N, Nikolaou NI. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 Section 5. Initial management of acute coronary syndromes. Resuscitation
- HR
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Citation Context ...phy and 70% of those had at least one significantscoronary lesion [30].sTo facilitate decision making, an ECG should be recorded as soon as possible after ROSC to assess for STelevation or (new) LBBB =-=[37]-=-. However, the ECG has a limited accuracy in the setting of SCA. The absence of STsegment elevation does not exclude the presence of criticalscoronary stenoses. In approximately 50% of OHCA survivors ... |
4 |
Svensson L, et al. Intra-arrest transnasal evaporative cooling: a randomized, prehospital, multicenter study (PRINCE
- Castrén, Nordberg
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Citation Context ...whilst invasive cooling methods include cold intra-venousssaline or intra-vascular cooling catheters. Recently, intranasal evaporative cooling has been shown to produce effective pre-hospital cooling =-=[44]-=-. However, 30 mL/kg of intravenous 4°C saline or Hartmann’s solution is the simplestsand most cost effective method for pre-hospital setting. Thestarget core temperature is 33 ± 1°C. Intravascular dev... |
4 |
Broek MP, Groenendaal F, Egberts AC, Rademaker CM: Effects of hypothermia on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: a systematic review of preclinical and clinical studies. Clin Pharmacokinet 2010
- den
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Citation Context ...QTsinterval may be detected [52]. In rare cases, severe arrhythmias are provoked by MTH. Further, due to renal side effects, the electrolyte balance may be altered and carefulsmonitoring is mandatory =-=[53, 54]-=-. Additionally, the metabolisation of several drugs may be altered by MTH [54].sSECONDARY PREVENTION OF SCAsIn patients who survived SCA, strategies are needed tosprevent future, potentially fatal eve... |
4 |
AJ, Parish DC, et al. Validation of a clinical decision aid to discontinue in-hospital cardiac arrest resuscitations
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Citation Context ...ntricular fibrillation will not terminate spontaneously and thesprobability to survive will decline by 10% per minute of ongoing VF [65]. Ideally, a regular pulse is restored within 10sminutes of CPR =-=[66]-=-.sIn a study including 200 patients presenting with ventricular fibrillation and successful early defibrillation, 72%sof patients survived until hospital admission. However, onlys40% of these patients... |
3 |
et al. Early induction of hypothermia during cardiac arrest improves neurological outcomes in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest who undergo emergency cardiopulmonary bypass and percutaneous coronary intervention
- Nagao, Kikushima, et al.
(Show Context)
Citation Context ...ertain. In the Australian trial patients were cooled for 12 hourss[40], while in the Hypothermia After Cardiac Arrests(HACA) trial they were cooled for 24 hours [39]. Longersduration may be superior. =-=[43]-=-sThe optimal cooling method is not yet clear [38]. External cooling methods include cold pads and cooling caps,swhilst invasive cooling methods include cold intra-venousssaline or intra-vascular cooli... |
3 |
et al., “A trial of an impedance threshold device in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest
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Citation Context ...sworld. In a recent trial of an impedance threshold device forsOHCA in the United States and Canada, just 48% of thes2289 enrolled patients admitted hospital were treated withstherapeutic hypothermia =-=[48]-=-. On the other hand, in the UKs86% of intensive care units had implemented hypothermiasby 2009 [49]. Lack of resources and cost of MTH are commonly cited as barriers to implementation, despite relativ... |
3 |
Hypothermia and blood coagulation: Dissociation between enzyme activity and clotting factor levels. Circ Shock
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Citation Context ...p options being available.sHowever, in patients with MTH several side effects maysoccur. MTH may affect the coagulation cascade and plateletsfunction, eventually leading to an increased bleeding risks=-=[50, 51]-=-. In case of bleeding, the patient should be rewarmeds>35°C body temperature. Moreover, leucocyte function maysbe decreased resulting in an increased risk for infectionss[39]. On the ECG, bradycardia ... |
3 |
SJ, Kaye DM. Hospital characteristics are associated with patient outcomes following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Heart 2011; 97(18
- Stub, Smith, et al.
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Citation Context ...to predict outcomesswould help tremendously for optimal resource allocations[69].sCARDIAC ARREST CENTRESsThere is variation in outcome for OHCA patients depending on the hospital they are admitted to =-=[70]-=- and there isssome evidence that mortality is lower among those admittedsto intensive care units (ICUs) that treat a high volume ofspost-cardiac arrest patients [71]. A specialised multidisciplinary t... |
2 | et al. Sudden unexpected death in persons less than 40 years of age - Drory, Turetz, et al. - 1991 |
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de Marchi SF, Zbinden R, Delacretaz E, Seiler C. An indicator of sudden cardiac death during brief coronary occlusion: electrocardiogram QT time and the role of collaterals
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Citation Context ...20s3456 7897; E-mail: pascalmeier74@gmail.com; www.drpascalmeier.comsconsequence, cardiac arrhythmia, remains very limited. Wesknow that ischemia alters repolarisation and it prolongs thesQT interval =-=[10]-=-. The extent of QT prolongation during ansacute coronary artery occlusion depends on the degree ofscollateralisation [10, 11]. Intriguingly, there is increasingsevidence that the collateral circulatio... |
2 |
Chugh SS, Dimarco JP, et al. Sudden cardiac death prediction and prevention: report from a
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Citation Context ...epolarisations.sThe clinical usefulness of these tests is controversial. Theshighest diagnostic yield may be a combination of tests givensthe limited predictive value of each individual investigations=-=[15]-=-.s1875-6557/13 $58.00+.00 © 2013 Bentham Science PublisherssOut-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest –Optimal ManagementsCurrent Cardiology Reviews, 2013, Vol. 9, No. 4s317sTHE RISK OF SCD IN ATHLETESsOverall, ... |
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Abella BS, et al. Early goal-directed hemodynamic optimization combined with therapeutic hypothermia in comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2009; 80(4
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Citation Context ... care is to optimize cardiocerebral recovery. In-hospital aims include maintaining cardiac output and cerebral perfusion, optimising systemicshaemodynamics and minimising ischaemia-reperfusion injury =-=[26]-=-. The importance of optimal post-resuscitation caresis highlighted in the recent 2010 International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) Consensus on CPR Science with Treatment Recommendations (... |
2 |
Part 1: executive summary:
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Citation Context ...l post-resuscitation caresis highlighted in the recent 2010 International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) Consensus on CPR Science with Treatment Recommendations (CoSTR) and ERCsGuidelines =-=[27, 28]-=-. Table 2 gives an overview of a recommended diagnostic work-up of patients who survived SCA.sMANAGEMENT OF OHCAsAn updated Advanced Life Support (ALS) algorithm forsmedical professionals is shown in ... |
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Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: recent advances in resuscitation and effects on outcome. Heart 2011; 98(7
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Citation Context ...ulation (ROSC) at the scene andswho are suspected to have obstructive CAD may benefitsfrom PCI whilst receiving continuous CPR [34]. Importantly, PCI plays a major role in the improved survivalsrates =-=[35, 36]-=-. In a study of 714 OHCA patients referred tosa tertiary centre in Paris, 435 (61%) had no obvious extracardiac cause. This subgroup underwent early coronarysangiography and 70% of those had at least ... |
2 |
et al. Therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest -implementation in UK intensive care units. Anaesthesia 2010; 65(3
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Citation Context ..., just 48% of thes2289 enrolled patients admitted hospital were treated withstherapeutic hypothermia [48]. On the other hand, in the UKs86% of intensive care units had implemented hypothermiasby 2009 =-=[49]-=-. Lack of resources and cost of MTH are commonly cited as barriers to implementation, despite relativelyscheap options being available.sHowever, in patients with MTH several side effects maysoccur. MT... |
2 |
Kocovic DZ. Cardiac death and stored electrograms in patients with third-generation implantable cardioverter-defibrillators
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- 1998
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Citation Context ...es. The main cause ofsdeath in these trials was low cardiac output due to progressive heart failure (45-50%), severe arrhythmia (20-35%) andsnon-cardiac related death (e.g. renal disease, ca. 20-30%)s=-=[55, 56]-=-. Table 3. refers to the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines on decision making on implantablescardioverter defibrillator (ICD) implantation for secondarysprevention of SCA due to severe a... |
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Predictors of survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Heart 2010; 96(22
- Chamberlain
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Citation Context ..., “S-100” or “IL-8”, although predictive value and accuracy varies widely in different studies [67, 68]. More precise tools to predict outcomesswould help tremendously for optimal resource allocations=-=[69]-=-.sCARDIAC ARREST CENTRESsThere is variation in outcome for OHCA patients depending on the hospital they are admitted to [70] and there isssome evidence that mortality is lower among those admittedsto ... |
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C: Sudden cardiac arrest during acute coronary occlusion -who is at risk? Cardiology 2010; 117(2
- Meier, Seiler
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Citation Context ...d. Wesknow that ischemia alters repolarisation and it prolongs thesQT interval [10]. The extent of QT prolongation during ansacute coronary artery occlusion depends on the degree ofscollateralisation =-=[10, 11]-=-. Intriguingly, there is increasingsevidence that the collateral circulation has a protective rolesduring early ischemia. A study in 170 patients with acutesanterior infarction showed lower incidence ... |
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To ventilate or not to ventilate during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: that is the question. Heart 2010; 96(8
- RR, BS
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Citation Context ...chest compressions (“hands-only cardio- pulmonary resuscitations(CPR) without ventilation, might not entail adverse consequences on neurologic outcome, at least within the first fewsminutes after SCA =-=[22]-=-.sHowever, the debate on the ratio of chest compressionssand ventilations during CPR and the continuous adaption ofsguidelines may have confused lay people and preventedsthem from performing CPR. Nose... |
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Chest compressions before defibrillation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials
- Meier, Baker, et al.
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Citation Context ...uidelines advocate immediate defibrillation, both approaches seem to have comparable results and in patientsswith a cardiac arrest >5 minutes, chest compressions beforesdefibrillation may be superior =-=[23]-=-.sTable 1. Causes of OHCA [5-7]sCardiac causessNon-cardiac causes (≈5-12%)sIschemia (≈70%)s•scoronary artery disease (CAD)s•sheart failures•snot related to CAD:s- coronary embolis- inflammatory diseas... |
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Ong GJ, Brace SJ, Perkins GD. Effectiveness of the LUCAS device for mechanical chest compression after cardiac arrest: systematic review of experimental, observational and animal studies. Heart 2012; 98(12): 908-13. Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest –Optimal
- Gates, JL
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Citation Context ...e maintained during transport [24]. However, there is currently insufficient evidence for a clear advantage over manual chest compressions with regard tosclinical outcomes when using the LUCAS device =-=[25]-=-. Similarly, the Circulation Improving Resuscitation Care (CIRC)strial assessing the effect of the AutoPulse automatic chestscompression device in >4000 OHCA patients failed to showsa survival benefit... |
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Advances in the hospital management of patients following an out of hospital cardiac arrest. Heart 2012; 98(16
- JP, RM, et al.
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Citation Context ...ulation (ROSC) at the scene andswho are suspected to have obstructive CAD may benefitsfrom PCI whilst receiving continuous CPR [34]. Importantly, PCI plays a major role in the improved survivalsrates =-=[35, 36]-=-. In a study of 714 OHCA patients referred tosa tertiary centre in Paris, 435 (61%) had no obvious extracardiac cause. This subgroup underwent early coronarysangiography and 70% of those had at least ... |
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et al. Part 8: Advanced life support: 2010 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations. Resuscitation 2010; 81 Suppl 1: e93e174
- CD, LJ, et al.
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Citation Context ...ooled to 32°C to 34°C for at least 12 to 24 hours. MTH cansalso be considered following OHCA with non-shockablesinitial rhythms such as PEA or asystole but the benefit insthese patients is less clear =-=[28, 41]-=-.sMany questions surrounding MTH remain unanswered.sThe timing of initiation and the optimal duration of coolingsare unclear. Should MTH be initiated pre-hospital or is itssufficient to start this the... |
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Draegni T, Mangschau A, Jacobsen D, Auestad B, Sunde K. A comparison of intravascular and surface cooling techniques in comatose cardiac arrest survivors. Crit Care Med 2011; 39(3
- Tomte
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Citation Context ... are inexpensive, but initial coolingsmay be slower [45]. One study has shown that both intravascular and surface cooling are equivalent in their effectiveness to reach and maintain core temperatures =-=[46]-=-,salthough another showed better temperature control with ansintravascular device [47]. Whichever method is used, asfeedback loop is advocated to ensure target temperaturescompliance and to prevent ov... |
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Ezzahti M,Gerritsen A, van der Hoeven JG. Comparison of cooling methods to induce and maintain normo-and hypothermia in intensive care unit patients: a prospective intervention study. Crit Care 2007; 11(4): R91
- CW
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Citation Context ...h intravascular and surface cooling are equivalent in their effectiveness to reach and maintain core temperatures [46],salthough another showed better temperature control with ansintravascular device =-=[47]-=-. Whichever method is used, asfeedback loop is advocated to ensure target temperaturescompliance and to prevent overcooling. Devices with feedback control also enable better control of rewarming (usua... |
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Bergfeldt L, Edvardsson N, et al. Analysis of initial rhythm, witnessed status and delay totreatment among survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Sweden. Heart 2010; 96(22
- Holmgren
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Citation Context ... heart failure management will be mandatory in this patient population [59].sPROGNOSIS AFTER SCAsThe Time to defibrillation and other factors such as bystander CPR, has not improved over precise time =-=[60]-=-. Theschain of survival (Fig. 2) is changing over time and it isslikely that it will soon include pre-hospital induction of hypothermia and early coronary intervention. Overall, suchschanges have incr... |
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Jörres A, Leithner C, Hasper D, Ploner CJ. Serial measurement of neuron specific enolase improves prognostication in cardiac arrest patients treated with hypothermia: a prospective study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2012; 20: 6
- Storm, Nee
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Citation Context ...estimatesthe impact of hypoxic brain injury, such as the levels of thesprotein “neurone specific enolase”, “S-100” or “IL-8”, although predictive value and accuracy varies widely in different studies =-=[67, 68]-=-. More precise tools to predict outcomesswould help tremendously for optimal resource allocations[69].sCARDIAC ARREST CENTRESsThere is variation in outcome for OHCA patients depending on the hospital ... |