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...an reason and assess requirements during runtime. To support such dynamic assessment of requirements, language features found in goal-oriented requirements modeling languages such as KAOS [36] and i* =-=[40]-=- hold particular promise. KAOS, for example, integrates the intentional, structural, functional, and behavioral aspects of a system, and has formal semantics permitting automated reasoning over goals....

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...t uncertainty at runtime and how to reflect this reasoning by manipulating the requirements and architecture strata. Numerous mathematical and logical frameworks exist for reasoning about uncertainty =-=[26]-=-. For example, probabilistic model checkers have been used to specify and analyse properties of probabilistic transition systems [29] and Bayesian networks enable reasoning over probabilistic causal m...

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... have resulted in novel software architectures and programming paradigms [11]. Novel software architectures for SASs include mechanisms for swapping out components and/or connectors at runtime (c.f., =-=[28]-=-). Similar techniques have been investigated in the middleware community - in particular, reflection has been used to construct middleware platforms [31, 27, 9] that allow systems to introspect about ...

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...tical and logical frameworks exist for reasoning about uncertainty [26]. For example, probabilistic model checkers have been used to specify and analyse properties of probabilistic transition systems =-=[29]-=- and Bayesian networks enable reasoning over probabilistic causal models [22]. However, only limited attention has been shown so far to the treatment of uncertainty in RE models. Our ongoing work has ...

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...components and/or connectors at runtime (c.f., [28]). Similar techniques have been investigated in the middleware community - in particular, reflection has been used to construct middleware platforms =-=[31, 27, 9]-=- that allow systems to introspect about their structure at runtime, so informing their automatic reconfiguration. Well-established work on reflective middleware [10, 15] uses architecture-based models...

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...only support reflection over architecture not requirements. Important early research in requirements monitoring and diagnosis have laid the foundations for requirements reflection. Fickas and Feather =-=[23]-=- provide a framework for systems to monitor their executions and modify themselves at runtime to better satisfy stakeholders’ goals. Similar approaches are proposed in [21, 30, 25]. Several frameworks...

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...components and/or connectors at runtime (c.f., [28]). Similar techniques have been investigated in the middleware community - in particular, reflection has been used to construct middleware platforms =-=[31, 27, 9]-=- that allow systems to introspect about their structure at runtime, so informing their automatic reconfiguration. Well-established work on reflective middleware [10, 15] uses architecture-based models...

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...the environment and so requirements changes cannot be predicted at design-time [12, 24, 39, 1, 20]. It is considerations such as these that have led to the development of self-adaptive systems (SASs) =-=[11]-=-, which have the ability to dynamically and autonomously reconfigure their behavior to respond to changing external conditions. Consider a scenario involving a robot vacuum cleaner for domestic apartm...

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...chieved by the system, the refinement of goals into specifications of services, and the assignment of responsibilities for services among human, physical, 2 and software components forming the system =-=[36]-=-. Goals can be refined and assigned in many different ways and a significant part of the RE process consists of exploring the alternatives and selecting the most preferable option by evaluating the im...

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...to this challenge [11]. The networking community, for example, has developed networked systems capable of autonomous changes in topology, load, tasks, and physical and logical network characteristics =-=[18]-=-. The intelligent agent, machine learning and planning communities have also had a long interest in autonomous and adaptive systems. SE advances for SASs have resulted in novel software architectures ...

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...lection. Fickas and Feather [23] provide a framework for systems to monitor their executions and modify themselves at runtime to better satisfy stakeholders’ goals. Similar approaches are proposed in =-=[21, 30, 25]-=-. Several frameworks have been developed for the generation of software monitors from requirements models [21, 35, 33, 17, 37]. Specifically, [37] goes a step further allowing not just monitoring but ...

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...requirements are reified as runtime entities [7]. This would allow systems to dynamically reason about themselves at the level of the requirements - in much the same way that architectural reflection =-=[15, 10]-=- currently allows runtime reasoning at the level of the software architecture. We believe that requirements-awareness (i.e. requirements reflection) will support the development and management of SASs...

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...components and/or connectors at runtime (c.f., [28]). Similar techniques have been investigated in the middleware community - in particular, reflection has been used to construct middleware platforms =-=[31, 27, 9]-=- that allow systems to introspect about their structure at runtime, so informing their automatic reconfiguration. Well-established work on reflective middleware [10, 15] uses architecture-based models...

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...offer explicit representation of requirements and only monitors system failures and needs extensions to handle failures [37]. Recently some results have been published towards tackling this challenge =-=[2]-=-, including ours [38]. In the research reported above, information about the definition and structure of requirements is lost as requirements are refined into implementations. Current approaches do no...

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...lection. Fickas and Feather [23] provide a framework for systems to monitor their executions and modify themselves at runtime to better satisfy stakeholders’ goals. Similar approaches are proposed in =-=[21, 30, 25]-=-. Several frameworks have been developed for the generation of software monitors from requirements models [21, 35, 33, 17, 37]. Specifically, [37] goes a step further allowing not just monitoring but ...

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...requirements are reified as runtime entities [7]. This would allow systems to dynamically reason about themselves at the level of the requirements - in much the same way that architectural reflection =-=[15, 10]-=- currently allows runtime reasoning at the level of the software architecture. We believe that requirements-awareness (i.e. requirements reflection) will support the development and management of SASs...

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...runtime to better satisfy stakeholders’ goals. Similar approaches are proposed in [21, 30, 25]. Several frameworks have been developed for the generation of software monitors from requirements models =-=[21, 35, 33, 17, 37]-=-. Specifically, [37] goes a step further allowing not just monitoring but also diagnosis of software requirements. However, it is our understanding the solution does not offer explicit representation ...

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...lection. Fickas and Feather [23] provide a framework for systems to monitor their executions and modify themselves at runtime to better satisfy stakeholders’ goals. Similar approaches are proposed in =-=[21, 30, 25]-=-. Several frameworks have been developed for the generation of software monitors from requirements models [21, 35, 33, 17, 37]. Specifically, [37] goes a step further allowing not just monitoring but ...

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...t at this level. This research proposal is based on a new paradigm for SE, called requirements-awareness (also known as requirements reflection), in which requirements are reified as runtime entities =-=[7]-=-. This would allow systems to dynamically reason about themselves at the level of the requirements - in much the same way that architectural reflection [15, 10] currently allows runtime reasoning at t...

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...perating environment changes. Furthermore, as software systems become more pervasive, there is growing uncertainty about the environment and so requirements changes cannot be predicted at design-time =-=[12, 24, 39, 1, 20]-=-. It is considerations such as these that have led to the development of self-adaptive systems (SASs) [11], which have the ability to dynamically and autonomously reconfigure their behavior to respond...

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...example, probabilistic model checkers have been used to specify and analyse properties of probabilistic transition systems [29] and Bayesian networks enable reasoning over probabilistic causal models =-=[22]-=-. However, only limited attention has been shown so far to the treatment of uncertainty in RE models. Our ongoing work has the objective to develop extensions to goal-oriented requirements modeling la...

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...runtime to better satisfy stakeholders’ goals. Similar approaches are proposed in [21, 30, 25]. Several frameworks have been developed for the generation of software monitors from requirements models =-=[21, 35, 33, 17, 37]-=-. Specifically, [37] goes a step further allowing not just monitoring but also diagnosis of software requirements. However, it is our understanding the solution does not offer explicit representation ...

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...sentation of requirements and only monitors system failures and needs extensions to handle failures [37]. Recently some results have been published towards tackling this challenge [2], including ours =-=[38]-=-. In the research reported above, information about the definition and structure of requirements is lost as requirements are refined into implementations. Current approaches do not reify requirements ...

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...runtime to better satisfy stakeholders’ goals. Similar approaches are proposed in [21, 30, 25]. Several frameworks have been developed for the generation of software monitors from requirements models =-=[21, 35, 33, 17, 37]-=-. Specifically, [37] goes a step further allowing not just monitoring but also diagnosis of software requirements. However, it is our understanding the solution does not offer explicit representation ...

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...perating environment changes. Furthermore, as software systems become more pervasive, there is growing uncertainty about the environment and so requirements changes cannot be predicted at design-time =-=[12, 24, 39, 1, 20]-=-. It is considerations such as these that have led to the development of self-adaptive systems (SASs) [11], which have the ability to dynamically and autonomously reconfigure their behavior to respond...

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...development of a quantitative goal modelling framework that extends the goal models with a probabilistic layer for the precise specification of quality concerns using Dynamic Decision Networks (DDNs) =-=[4]-=- based on the work done together with her MSc student [3]. Such a framework enriches the decision-making support provided by the goal-based approach cited above and allows reasoning about partial sati...

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...perating environment changes. Furthermore, as software systems become more pervasive, there is growing uncertainty about the environment and so requirements changes cannot be predicted at design-time =-=[12, 24, 39, 1, 20]-=-. It is considerations such as these that have led to the development of self-adaptive systems (SASs) [11], which have the ability to dynamically and autonomously reconfigure their behavior to respond...

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...AX and Claims in order to assess the validity of Claims at runtime while tolerating minor and unanticipated environmental conditions that can trigger adaptations. Initial partial results are found in =-=[32]-=-. 2. Satisficement of non-functional requirements (NFRs) during execution is partly uncertain. Measurement of NFRs is difficult due to their vague or fuzzy nature satisfaction. NFRs may not be absolut...

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...6 Originality and innovative nature of the project To the best of our knowledge just few initiatives with early results have been published on the topic proposed in this document. Several researchers =-=[13, 11, 16]-=- and upcoming conferences (as the RE Conference Series) and workshops/seminars (as the Dagstuhl seminar on Software Engineering for Self-Adaptive System in 2010, and Models@runtime in 2011) highlight ...

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... a goal? Which agents are responsible for achieving the goal? What assumptions are associated with a goal? Our preliminary research results when tackling this research challenge are shown in [38] and =-=[6]-=-. Figure 1: Goal and architecture synchronization. Challenge 2: Synchronization between goals and architecture. An important purpose of requirements reflection is to enable self-adaptive systems to re...

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...6 Originality and innovative nature of the project To the best of our knowledge just few initiatives with early results have been published on the topic proposed in this document. Several researchers =-=[13, 11, 16]-=- and upcoming conferences (as the RE Conference Series) and workshops/seminars (as the Dagstuhl seminar on Software Engineering for Self-Adaptive System in 2010, and Models@runtime in 2011) highlight ...

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...runtime to better satisfy stakeholders’ goals. Similar approaches are proposed in [21, 30, 25]. Several frameworks have been developed for the generation of software monitors from requirements models =-=[21, 35, 33, 17, 37]-=-. Specifically, [37] goes a step further allowing not just monitoring but also diagnosis of software requirements. However, it is our understanding the solution does not offer explicit representation ...

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...Atlee offer a structured overview of RE research and delineate the scope of future research directions [11]. Ernst et al also talk extensively about the topic under the name of requirements evolution =-=[19]-=-. So far, researchers have not provided any concrete information on any research results or upcoming projects. The vision of systems with the ability to dynamically observe and reason about their requ...

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...at extends the goal models with a probabilistic layer for the precise specification of quality concerns using Dynamic Decision Networks (DDNs) [4] based on the work done together with her MSc student =-=[3]-=-. Such a framework enriches the decision-making support provided by the goal-based approach cited above and allows reasoning about partial satisfaction of softgoals (expressed with probabilities) and ...

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...enriches the decision-making support provided by the goal-based approach cited above and allows reasoning about partial satisfaction of softgoals (expressed with probabilities) and expected utilities =-=[5]-=-. We believe that uncertainty can only be handled effectively if a SAS’s requirements can be reasoned over and (e.g.) re-prioritized at runtime. This is what mandates the availability of requirements ...

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...s a way to optimize (or satisfice) the system goals in the current context during execution. Requirements reflection depends on a runtime representation of system requirements (i.e. its runtime model =-=[8]-=-) that is rich enough to support the wide range of runtime analyses outlined above concerning stakeholders’ goals, software functional and non-functional requirements, alternative choices, domain assu...

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..., engineering techniques, and computing infrastructure for the access and manipulations of runtime abstractions of requirements. Currently, a prototype for the use of runtime goals has been developed =-=[5, 38, 34, 3]-=-. The RELAX language has been proposed to make requirements more tolerant to environmental uncertainty. Design assumptions, called Claims) [38], are applied as markers of uncertainty that document how...