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...an areas (Rydin et al. 2012; Smith and Levermore, 2008).sTherefore, the distribution for the effect of UHI is then positively correlated with the density, dimensions andscity designs (Arnfield, 2003; =-=Oke, 1992-=-). An adaptation strategy in order to cool down towns and cities aresbelied to lead in the direction of “greening” the urban regions (Bowler et. al, 2010a). Urban green has a largespotential to amelio...

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...have buildings, temperatures of an ambient air inside urban areas can be around 10 Cshigher than similar rural areas, that forms an “Urban Heat Island” (UHI) under the specific conditions (Oke,s1992; =-=Arnfield, 2003-=-; Santamouris et.al, 2001).sHigher temperatures for urban areas may increase the usage of energy, due to a larger need for air conditioning,sand since power plants consume more fossil fuels, they over...

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... fossil fuels, they overdrive both energy costs and pollution levels (Wengsand Yang, 2004). Hence, there is a big urgency to assess strategies, which can mitigate further rises in urbanstemperatures (=-=Bowler et al, 2010-=-).sIt is quite important for health professional and city planners to evaluate and develop strategies for mitigate andstransformation of climate change, specifically in urban areas (Rydin et al. 2012;...

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...l, 2010a). Urban green has a largespotential to ameliorate the climate of urban areas by the procedures of evapotranspiration of leaves, shading andsoffering surfaces and areas for water evaporation (=-=Givoni, 1991-=-; Taha et al, 1988). Evidence on the coolingscapability of urban green being enough powerful to cool down the environment on the local scale is explained insbrief in the literature review done by Bowl...

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...10; Kovatas and Hajat, 2008; WHO, 2008).sOlder people health is more impaired by the matter of co-morbidity, cognitive and physical impairment and alsosmultiple medications (D`Ippppoliti et al, 2010; =-=Hajat et al. 2010-=-). Children and infant, since their metabolism issnot as effective as the one from adults, people who suffer from chronic diseases, people who are usingsmedications, which affect the body mechanism of...

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...oposed that ascooling impact of the vegetation inside urban parks by the rate of 1 C on average in comparison to non-greensregions and reflects the results of the current studies (Coutts et al, 2012; =-=Li et al, 2011-=-; Peng et al, 2012).sWater bodies are also particularly supposed to assist in cooling down the air around them via evaporation (Oke,s1992) and convection (Spronken-Smith et al, 2000). And this matter ...

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...s,sspecifically for cardiac system. Therefore, high levels of heat exposure may result in big health problems rangingsfrom normal heat rashes, heat cramps and heat exhaustion to lethal heart strokes (=-=Kjellstrom et al, 2012-=-; WHO,s2008). A number of factors in specific are particularly associated with overall mortality and morbidity during thesheat waves, involving gender, age, socio-economic status, premorbidity and int...

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...oling impact of the vegetation inside urban parks by the rate of 1 C on average in comparison to non-greensregions and reflects the results of the current studies (Coutts et al, 2012; Li et al, 2011; =-=Peng et al, 2012-=-).sWater bodies are also particularly supposed to assist in cooling down the air around them via evaporation (Oke,s1992) and convection (Spronken-Smith et al, 2000). And this matter has provided the c...

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....sIt is quite important for health professional and city planners to evaluate and develop strategies for mitigate andstransformation of climate change, specifically in urban areas (Rydin et al. 2012; =-=Smith and Levermore, 2008-=-).sTherefore, the distribution for the effect of UHI is then positively correlated with the density, dimensions andscity designs (Arnfield, 2003; Oke, 1992). An adaptation strategy in order to cool do...

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...an green has a largespotential to ameliorate the climate of urban areas by the procedures of evapotranspiration of leaves, shading andsoffering surfaces and areas for water evaporation (Givoni, 1991; =-=Taha et al, 1988-=-). Evidence on the coolingscapability of urban green being enough powerful to cool down the environment on the local scale is explained insbrief in the literature review done by Bowler et al (2010b). ...

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...ons1. IntroductionsUrbanization and transformation of the earth surface to urban application illustrate huge changes in global usagesof the land and provide considerable influence on the environment (=-=Weng and Yang, 2004-=-). The population insglobal urban areas has risen quickly from 13% in 1900 up to 46% in 2000, and it is believed that it can go up tos69% by 2050.sBased on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Chang...

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...rban block On-site MeasurementsDaysMeso -sScales10 Huang et.al 2008 a Nanjing, ChinasSubtropicalscontinental humidsUrban lake compared to city centre On-site MeasurementsDay andsNightsMeso -sScales11 =-=Huang et al. 2008-=- b Nanjing, ChinasSubtropicalscontinental humidsUrban lake compared to city centre On-site MeasurementsDay andsNightsMeso -sScales12 ISHII et al. 1991 Fukuoka, JapansSubtropicalscontinental humids1) P...

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...nd also from the previous publishedsworks. These kinds of results can offer helpful information for urban planning and design. Figure 1s2. Overview of StudiessSimilar to the cooling impacts of parks (=-=Upmanis et al, 1998-=-; Coutts et al, 2012), water bodies are likely to offersdownwind cooling effect. Open water bodies offer a source for moisture in an order to back up the oasis effectsover day duration, specifically w...

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...rface translates the mentioned signal to the temperature of screen levels(Heusinkveld et al, 2010; Steeneveld et al, 2014). A lot of prior studies focused on the lakes role on the urbansmicroclimate (=-=Givoni et al, 2003-=-; Olah, 2012) concentrated on UHI of daytime and thermal human comfort.sAlthough this matter covers a restricted view upon the problem, as the UHI is in its largest amount around sunset.sIn addition, ...

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...me temperature over the course of the day (Theeuwes et al, 2013).sWater shading via trees provides lower temperatures and enriches the thermal environment (Hathway andsSharples, 2012; Li et al, 2011; =-=Robitu et al. 2006-=-).sThe water misting is also influential for cooling. Nishimuraset al (1998) analysed the influences of a fountain inside a park in Osaka (Japan). They understood that there is assignificantly bigger ...

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...ty andsinside rural areas. Urban streets which run downwind or a public square that is located next to a water bodysspace acquires better thermal situations than obstructive streets (Han et al, 2011; =-=Hathway and Sharples, 2012-=-;sTheeuwes et al, 2013).sVarious wind speeds may result in various results. Another method of influencing the wind over the city is tosenrich the terrain roughness, e.g., higher buildings result in hi...

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...tial Method RemotesSensing On-sitesMeasurements Simulation Study Time Day time Nightime www.ccsenet.org/mas Modern Applied Science Vol. 9, No. 6; 2015s5sthe day (Coutts et al, 2012; Chen et al, 2009; =-=Saaroni and Ziv, 2003-=- Nishimura et al, 1998). Chen et al. (2009)sdedicated this reduction of temperature to evaporation from the water body, as Saaroni and Ziv (2003) showedsthe cooling pond effect (1.6 C at mid-day) over...

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...urban water. Temperature distribution is heavily related to presenting radiationscondition. The cooling impact of the urban water body depends on the way radiant energy is separated into heatsfluxes (=-=Sun and Chen, 2012-=-). By considering the rise in global solar radiation, the deviation of temperaturesbetween urban areas and water is stronger (Ishshii, 1991).sThe direction and speed of wind are vital in spreading the...

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...ther events and heat waves regard to a rising public health challenge in due to the highersheat-related deaths, something that adds to the global issue of disease (EEA, 2012; Kovatis and Hajat, 2008;s=-=Comrie, 2007-=-, D`Ippppoliti et al, 2010).sThe human organism continuously makes a balance between individual energy losses of heat and maintains thesbody core temperature in the range of 36.1-37.8°C. Thermal budge...

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... temperature interval as the most soil (Wong et al, 2011, 2012).sIn order to regulate the temperature of urban area, architects and urban planners have employed water bodies asstheir tools of design (=-=Coutts et al, 2013-=-). The idea behind employing water bodies has roots in enrichedsevaporation of the bodies of water during a day. Considering a non-stop net radiation, water evaporation costssenergy at the value of se...

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...t al 2012).sOn the micro scale, water is considered to be pretty stable under the present weather conditions in comparison toslawn or concrete (Huang et al, 2008a) due to its larger thermal capacity (=-=Hou et al, 2013-=-), but other conditionsalso do influence the efficiency of urban water. Temperature distribution is heavily related to presenting radiationscondition. The cooling impact of the urban water body depend...

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...htsMeso -sScales12 ISHII et al. 1991 Fukuoka, JapansSubtropicalscontinental humids1) Park with pond, 2) park without pond compared tosbuilt-up residential areasOn-site MeasurementsDaysMeso -sScales13 =-=Kim et al. 2008-=- Seoul, South KoreasSubtropicalscontinental humidsRestored downtown stream on surface compared tosdowntown area with stream in canalsOn-site MeasurementsDaysMeso -sScales14 Kim et al. 2008 Seoul, Sout...

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...sing On-sitesMeasurements Simulation Study Time Day time Nightime www.ccsenet.org/mas Modern Applied Science Vol. 9, No. 6; 2015s5sthe day (Coutts et al, 2012; Chen et al, 2009; Saaroni and Ziv, 2003 =-=Nishimura et al, 1998-=-). Chen et al. (2009)sdedicated this reduction of temperature to evaporation from the water body, as Saaroni and Ziv (2003) showedsthe cooling pond effect (1.6 C at mid-day) over the warmest part of a...

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...heir above (Wong et al, 2012).sTable 1. Summary of studies related to cooling effects of water bodiessNo. Author PublicationsyearsStudy location Region Feature of water body Method StudysTimesScales1 =-=Chen et al. 2006-=- China Tropical warmssemi-humidsRiver area and fish ponds compare to built up area Remote Sensings- Macro -sScales2 Peng H et al. 2009 Beijing, China Subtropicalscontinentalssemi-humidsUrban wetlands ...

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...ion are pretty rare.sOnly a small number of studies hypothesize water bodies in shape of the strongest cooling element in a city oversthe hot days of summer (Theeuwas et al, 2013; Rinner et al, 2011; =-=Olah, 2012-=-).s2.1 Cooling Effects of Evaporation from Water BodiessWithin an urban region water features can have positive influence on the microclimate of the surroundingsregions when the natural cooling coming...

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...ed, and nocturnal temperature drop is limited. The direct linksbetween the air temperature and the surface translates the mentioned signal to the temperature of screen levels(Heusinkveld et al, 2010; =-=Steeneveld et al, 2014-=-). A lot of prior studies focused on the lakes role on the urbansmicroclimate (Givoni et al, 2003; Olah, 2012) concentrated on UHI of daytime and thermal human comfort.sAlthough this matter covers a r...

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...e sort of cooling influence on their surroundings too. Another study concentrated on thescooling influence of water holding pavements; this study displayed a temperature decrease for several degreess(=-=Theeuwes et al, 2013-=-; Nakayma and Fujita, 2010).sSaaroni and Ziv (2003) study over a 100 m wide pond inside an urban park in Tel Aviv, Israel, also displayedshigher rates of humidity and a lower amount of heat stress ove...

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... fossil fuels, they overdrive both energy costs and pollution levels (Wengsand Yang, 2004). Hence, there is a big urgency to assess strategies, which can mitigate further rises in urbanstemperatures (=-=Bowler et al, 2010-=-).sIt is quite important for health professional and city planners to evaluate and develop strategies for mitigate andstransformation of climate change, specifically in urban areas (Rydin et al. 2012;...

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...ir downwind in city andsinside rural areas. Urban streets which run downwind or a public square that is located next to a water bodysspace acquires better thermal situations than obstructive streets (=-=Han et al, 2011-=-; Hathway and Sharples, 2012;sTheeuwes et al, 2013).sVarious wind speeds may result in various results. Another method of influencing the wind over the city is tosenrich the terrain roughness, e.g., h...

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... restricted view upon the problem, as the UHI is in its largest amount around sunset.sIn addition, the thermal comfort of humans at night is very important for prior sleeping (Steeneveld et al, 2014;s=-=Ihara et al, 2011-=-), something that motivates concentrating on water bodies` role at night in urban microclimate.sAll the mentioned water bodies have the ability to maintain water temperatures at a night time due to th...

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...1st century end. The influence of climate change is foreseeable in the shape ofsaltering weather patterns and extreme weather events, like heavy rainfall, flood, windstorm, heat waves andswindstorms (=-=IPCC, 2007-=-).sExtreme hot weather events and heat waves regard to a rising public health challenge in due to the highersheat-related deaths, something that adds to the global issue of disease (EEA, 2012; Kovatis...

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... than thessurrounding region on fine days, and the extra local cooling from the river believed to be more widespread whilesbuilding density was lower and streets were quite wider (Coutts et al, 2012; =-=Murakawa et al, 1991-=-).s2.2 Effect of Thermal Capacity of Water BodiessIn addition to the evaporation effect, water bodies have also a pretty high capacity. The thermal capacity of watersis pretty large in a sense that it...

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..., involving gender, age, socio-economic status, premorbidity and interdependencies with pathswww.ccsenet.org/mas Modern Applied Science Vol. 9, No. 6; 2015s2sphysical and clinical factors (EEA, 2012; =-=Pauli and Hornberg, 2010-=-; Kovatas and Hajat, 2008; WHO, 2008).sOlder people health is more impaired by the matter of co-morbidity, cognitive and physical impairment and alsosmultiple medications (D`Ippppoliti et al, 2010; Ha...

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...r`s amount.sA large number of studies have analysed the influences of the open water bodies (whether they treat ponds, wetslands, water features or rivers) on the urban regions climate (amongst other =-=Xu et al, 2010-=-; and Sun and Chen,s2012).sUsually, studies declare that temperatures closed to and downwind from water bodies are getting reduced abouts1-2 C in comparison to surrounding areas, with the highest amou...