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...own, 2002; Drever and Hurcomb, 1986]. Unusual, and perhaps unique to the Kennicott Glacier, are high Cl and Na concentrations. In most settings, Cl behaves as a conservative tracer of meteoric water [=-=Hem, 1992-=-]. However, Cl concentration in Kennicott River water is much greater than that measured in samples of rainwater and surface melt collected on the Kennicott Glacier (see Table 3). Anderson et al. [200...

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...can result in sudden temporal discontinuities in the PDSI record. The inputs to the Palmer algorithm are air temperature (used in ET computation, generally using a Thornthwaite approximation for PET; =-=Thornthwaite 1948-=-), precipitation, and a map of soil available water capacity (related to soil texture). Because of the high weighting of PDSIi21 relative to Zi, the index has been shown to have a relatively long memo...

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...ing constant values over climate division polygons. 2) SPI Issues with PDSI and variants thereof inspired the formation of a standardized precipitation index (SPI; 15 APRIL 2011 ANDERSON ET AL . 2029 =-=McKee et al. 1993-=-, 1995), which uses observed precipitation as its only input. Precipitation data at a given location are converted into probabilities based on a local long-term climatology. The probabilities are then...

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...sion spectrometry (Perkin Elmer Optima 4300 DV). Anions were analyzed by ion chromatography (Dionex DX-100). Alkalinity was determined by titration with 0.01N HCl using the Gran method [Drever, 1997; =-=Gran, 1952-=-] with an Orion 950 pH meter and digital titrator. Cation, anion, and silica concentrations on replicate analyses were better than 0.1 mg L1, except for calcium, for which replicates were within 0.3 ...

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...a optical emission spectrometry (Perkin Elmer Optima 4300 DV). Anions were analyzed by ion chromatography (Dionex DX-100). Alkalinity was determined by titration with 0.01N HCl using the Gran method [=-=Drever, 1997-=-; Gran, 1952] with an Orion 950 pH meter and digital titrator. Cation, anion, and silica concentrations on replicate analyses were better than 0.1 mg L1, except for calcium, for which replicates were...

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...ge at a range of stage heights. We measured water depth and mean velocity at 15 to 30 points across the 80 m wide channel, following standard U.S. Geological Survey discharge measurement techniques [=-=Buchanan and Somers, 1969-=-]. Measurement points were spaced to minimize the variance in discharge between sections. Measured discharge ranged from 80 to 415 m3 s1, including measurements made within a few hours of the flood p...

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...s, precipitation data are transformed into an indicator of soil moisture using water balance models of varying complexity, ranging from the simple two-layer bucketmodel used in thePalmer index suite (=-=Palmer 1965-=-) to the more detailed multilayer soil moisture schemes used in land surfacemodels (LSMs) in the NorthAmerican LandDataAssimilation System (NLDAS;Mitchell et al. 2004). Precipitation-based indices nec...

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...r tables, and reservoir levels, and occurs and recovers over much longer time scales (months to years); and 4) socioeconomic drought, incorporating the concept of water supply and demand (Wilhite and =-=Glantz 1985-=-). Online access to current and historical USDM (http:// www.drought.unl.edu/dm/) and drought impact reports (http://droughtreporter.unl.edu/) is provided by the National Drought Mitigation Center (ND...

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...pants to attend conferences through their self-created digital characters or ‘avatars’.sParticipants can interact not only with the designed environment, but with other participants’savatars as well (=-=Steinkuehler, 2004-=-). Web 2.0 technologies such as blogs, wikis, twitter andssocial networks have also added to the interactive and social capabilities of online conferencing.sOne of the longest running online conferenc...

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...t, either directly (at a rate Qf) via englacial conduits or indirectly (at a rate Qs) via patches of linked cavities and permeable sediment that constitutes the ‘‘distributed’’ basal drainage system [=-=Fountain and Walder, 1998-=-]. As the mean subglacial residence time of a parcel of water increases, so does its solute concentration [Tranter et al., 1993]; moreover, we expect that @tres/@(Qs/ Qf) > 0 [Raymond et al., 1995]. D...

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...y conditions. In this analysis, ETandPETare instantaneous estimates at shortly before local noon, retrieved using the LST-based Atmosphere– Land Exchange Inverse (ALEXI) surface energy balance model (=-=Anderson et al. 1997-=-; Anderson et al. 2007b,c; Mecikalski et al. 1999). Equation (1) follows from earlier work on using TIR-band data in agricultural applications, where fPET has been used as a tool for crop stress detec...

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...ssment of rainfall inputs to the system, unlike the Palmer indices, which make assumptions about water loss and storage as noted above. Spatial uniformity and time scale of the SPI are well defined, (=-=Guttman 1997-=-). Because it is based only on precipitation data, a long period of record spanning many decades can be constructed. Amajor disadvantage of the SPI (and the Palmer indices) for mapping applications is...

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... are currently used in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) North American Drought Briefing and with other remote sensing drought indices, such as the vegetation heath index (VHI; =-=Kogan 1997-=-) and the vegetation drought response index (VegDRI; Brown et al. 2008). The domain of the ALEXI application is being expanded to include North and South America (approximately 260 to 608 latitude) us...

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...rom1895 to present (http://www1.ncdc. noaa.gov/pub/data/cirs/). These products are based on rain gauge and air temperature data that have been area averaged at the climate division scale (Guttman and =-=Quayle 1996-=-). For this study, the Palmer datasets were regridded to the 10-kmALEXI grid,maintaining constant values over climate division polygons. 2) SPI Issues with PDSI and variants thereof inspired the forma...

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...babilities are then standardized such that a value of 0 indicates that the median precipitation amount (in comparisonwith the climatology)wasmeasured at that pixel over the time interval in question (=-=Edwards and McKee 1997-=-). The SPI can be computed for multiple time scales (typically ranging from 2 to 52 weeks) to monitor the different types of drought. The advantage of the SPI is that it is model independent—a straigh...

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...tantaneous estimates at shortly before local noon, retrieved using the LST-based Atmosphere– Land Exchange Inverse (ALEXI) surface energy balance model (Anderson et al. 1997; Anderson et al. 2007b,c; =-=Mecikalski et al. 1999-=-). Equation (1) follows from earlier work on using TIR-band data in agricultural applications, where fPET has been used as a tool for crop stress detection and irrigation scheduling (Moran 2003). Limi...

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...nificant hazards to people and structures, and tools for evaluating hazards—for example, predicting peak discharge as a function of lake characteristics—have been developed [Clague and Mathews, 1973; =-=Clarke, 1982-=-; Walder and Costa, 1996]. Nonetheless, data about outburst floods are sparse, owing to the generally unpredictable nature of these events. Available data are of highly variable quality and commonly c...

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...ellite platforms, such as GOES in the United States. In the regional ALEXI model, the TSEB is applied in a timedifferencing mode, using a simple model of atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) development (=-=McNaughton and Spriggs 1986-=-) to provide energy closure over the integration interval. As a result of this configuration, ALEXI uses only time-differential TIR signals from GOES, thereby reducing flux errors due to absolute sens...

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...erences have existed for over a decade and havesbeen employed, predominantly, by higher education professionals. Early online conferencessutilized mailing lists to connect presenters to participants (=-=Anderson, 1996-=-). More recentlystechnological advances and increasing accessibility to high bandwidth have led to dramaticsimprovements in online conferencing technology. Many conferencing platforms now offer ansabu...

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...ering processes; several are associated with subglacial abrasion. High K concentrations are commonly reported in glacial runoff, and attributed to abrasion of biotite [Blum et al., 1994; Brown, 2002; =-=Drever and Hurcomb, 1986-=-]. Unusual, and perhaps unique to the Kennicott Glacier, are high Cl and Na concentrations. In most settings, Cl behaves as a conservative tracer of meteoric water [Hem, 1992]. However, Cl concentrati...

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...e attributed to subglacial weathering processes; several are associated with subglacial abrasion. High K concentrations are commonly reported in glacial runoff, and attributed to abrasion of biotite [=-=Blum et al., 1994-=-; Brown, 2002; Drever and Hurcomb, 1986]. Unusual, and perhaps unique to the Kennicott Glacier, are high Cl and Na concentrations. In most settings, Cl behaves as a conservative tracer of meteoric wat...

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... Jökulhlaups may pose significant hazards to people and structures, and tools for evaluating hazards—for example, predicting peak discharge as a function of lake characteristics—have been developed [=-=Clague and Mathews, 1973-=-; Clarke, 1982; Walder and Costa, 1996]. Nonetheless, data about outburst floods are sparse, owing to the generally unpredictable nature of these events. Available data are of highly variable quality ...

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...socio-economic factors commonly associated with higher levels of knowledge include beingsmale (Lambert, 1980), younger age (Lambert, 1980; Caffereta, 1984; McCall, Rice and Sangl,s1986), being white (=-=Marquis, 1983-=-; McCall, Rice and Sangl, 1986), and having higher educations(Caffereta, 1984; McCall, Rice, and Sangl, 1986; Hibbard, et al., 1998; Lambert, 1980; Marquis,s1983; McCall, Rice, and Sangl, 1986).sAltho...

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...pite ceding market share to other fastgrowing products, including telecommunications and other products. ThesInternet boom of the 1990s and declining prices for personal computers andssemiconductors (=-=Aizcorbe, Flamm, and Khurshid, 2002-=-, 12) spurred increasingsdemand and trade flows for these products. Product Segment Growth Rates Across all ITA product segments, total trade increased by 10.7 percent annuallysbetween 1996 and 2008 (...

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...g countries account for most of the progress in ITA trade liberalization. They fi nd that a non-ITA WTO member would increase imports from othersWTO members by 14 percent under if it joined the ITA. (=-=Bora and Liu 2006-=-, 1,s14).b, c On the other hand, an assessment covering ITA trade during 1997–2002sconcluded that “joining the ITA had no statistically signifi cant impact on the risesin IT imports” (Ares). This anal...

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... more dilute than it had been just prior to and after the jökulhlaup. As solute concentrations reflect routing of water and residence time at the bed [Tranter et al., 1993, 1997; Sharp et al., 1995; =-=Brown et al., 1996-=-], the clear implication of the hydrochemistry is that the jökulhlaup radically affected the contributions of different subglacial flow paths to the glacier discharge. We will return to this point la...

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... the lake rose and subsequently fell by as much as 15 m over a broad domain as the lake drained. This sort of ice dam deformation associated with lake filling and drainage has been recognized before [=-=Kasper, 1989-=-; Kasper and Johnson, 1991], but its importance for water balance has not been appreciated. [26] Change in lake level hL in 2000 and the hypsometric function A(hL) are shown in Figure 5. The rate of c...

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...ted with thesesindicators and knowledge of Medicare beneficiaries about their insurance. Demographic andssocio-economic factors commonly associated with higher levels of knowledge include beingsmale (=-=Lambert, 1980-=-), younger age (Lambert, 1980; Caffereta, 1984; McCall, Rice and Sangl,s1986), being white (Marquis, 1983; McCall, Rice and Sangl, 1986), and having higher educations(Caffereta, 1984; McCall, Rice, an...

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...y lowering the costsof intermediate ITA goods through tariff elimination. China recognized thatstariffs acted as a tax on Chinese firms seeking to enhance participation insglobal production networks (=-=Borrus and Cohen 1997-=-, 12–14). One examplesof China’s expansion into global production networks is the Pearl River delta,swhich has become the largest location in the world for electronics contractsmanufacturing (Luthje, ...

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...ntrations of Ca, HCO3, Na, Cl and K in the Kennicott River vary by a factor of 2 or more (nearly an order of magnitude in the case of Cl) in a pattern that is lagged relative to discharge variations [=-=Anderson et al., 2003-=-]. The Hidden Creek Lake jökulhlaup disrupts these patterns of solute variation (Figure 15), while drainage from the much smaller Erie Lake has unclear effects on Kennicott River chemistry. 4.7.1. Co...

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...0], while at the terminus, discharge may increase by as much as an order of magnitude [Post and Mayo, 1971] with river channel morphology downstream largely controlled by the effects of jökulhlaups [=-=Desloges and Church, 1992-=-]. Jökulhlaups may pose significant hazards to people and structures, and tools for evaluating hazards—for example, predicting peak discharge as a function of lake characteristics—have been developed...

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...uld not have the characteristics of a Rothlisberger channel, as the leak would then be unstable, as shown by Nye [1976]. Presumably a stable leak would exploit drainage paths such as linked cavities [=-=Kamb, 1987-=-; Walder, 1986] or porous, permeable sediment [Walder and Fowler, 1994]. 5.2. Hydrographs [64] Our measurements permitted reconstruction of both the lake outflow hydrograph and the flood hydrograph. D...

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...rage and standard deviation were recorded automatically at 15-min intervals. Six direct measurements of discharge were performed, once with a current meter and five times by the salt-dilution method [=-=Kite, 1993-=-], either shortly after the gauge was installed or just before it was dismantled. More than 90% of the automated stage measurements fell within the calibrated range from 3 to 8 m3 s1. 3.4. Kennicott ...

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... 2000. The combined data were used to construct a topographic map of the lake basin, from which we could compute the hypsometric function A(hL), the area of the lake basin as a function of elevation [=-=Cunico, 2003-=-]. [14] Several temperature soundings of the lake were performed in both 1999 and 2000 by lowering an encapsulated thermistor on a cable. Water samples were collected with a Van Dorn style sampler at ...

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...edicare beneficiaries about their insurance. Demographic andssocio-economic factors commonly associated with higher levels of knowledge include beingsmale (Lambert, 1980), younger age (Lambert, 1980; =-=Caffereta, 1984-=-; McCall, Rice and Sangl,s1986), being white (Marquis, 1983; McCall, Rice and Sangl, 1986), and having higher educations(Caffereta, 1984; McCall, Rice, and Sangl, 1986; Hibbard, et al., 1998; Lambert,...

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...nally, on the import side,sMexico unilaterally instituted “ITA plus,” which eliminates duties on a widesvariety of critical inputs, machinery, and finished products in the electronicssand IT sectors (=-=Padiema-Peralta, 2008-=- 1). These lower-cost inputs provide ascompetitive price advantage to Mexican producers and exporters.sMoreover,sdue to the North American Free Trade Agreement, there are established ITAsproduction ne...

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...ctly to the tariff reductions that occurred under the ITA. Firmsssurveyed viewed the WTO as a major factor contributing to improved Korean export performancesfrom 1995 to 2002, compared to 1990–1994 (=-=Suh and Poon 2006-=-). 42 most evident in Asia, with China consistently a dominant force. Already asstrong trader in ITA products, China’s ascension to its current position as asleading exporter and importer accelerated ...

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...nsumers and downward pressure on prices expected from tariff liberalization onsITA products. These estimates ranged between $50 billion and $100 billion inssavings from duty free access to ITA goods (=-=UNCTAD 1999-=-, 4). In perhaps thesmost rigorous assessment of the ITA, Bora and Liu (2006) fi nd signifi cant tradescreation under the ITA for developing countries. Comparing trade levels amongsWTO members partici...

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...sure as to how to proceed. Many do not yet understand thesimpact of business travel on the environment, are uncertain as to how to implement an effectivesyet environmentally sensitive travel program (=-=Belford, 2008-=-) and do not appreciate thesdistributed online conference alternative.sThe purpose of this article is twofold. First, the authors hope to raise awareness of the costs andsnegative impact of business t...

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...e of certification with both of these national organizations. Finally, the longevitysof this conference and the positive feedback offered by participants give witness to the value itsprovides (Direct =-=Learn, 2008-=-).sThe SDP online conference includes two themes that are discussed over the course of four dayss(24 hours/day). The presentations are usually pre-recorded and come in a variety of formatssincluding:s...

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...rbon footprint” is also referred to as “carbon neutrality” (Wikipedia, 2009a). Companiessthat provide carbon offsets vary widely in their price per metric ton of CO2, averagingsapproximately $20 USD (=-=EcoBusinessLinks, 2009-=-). At this rate, the average cost of carbonsoffsets for participants attending the SDP conference in London would have been approximatelys$36 USD. This may seem like a relatively inexpensive price to ...

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... 300 delegates. These conferences (and resultant participant satisfactionsreports) demonstrate that online conferences can be an effective alternative to face-to-facesprofessional development events (=-=Kimura & Ho, 2008-=-).sIn recent years, some professional organizations, in an attempt to broaden their audience andsimprove accessibility, have offered dual mode conferences. These face-to-face conferences arescomplemen...

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... onlinesconferencing. It has been argued that both the quantity and quality of interaction in the formalspart of an online conference can be better than that experienced in a face-to-face conferences(=-=Minshull, 2006-=-; Wang, 1999). Many online conferencing platforms now support synchronousscommunication via text chat, teleconferencing and VoIP. However, asynchronousscommunication remains popular as it alleviates t...

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...e to much reduced, if not free, conference registration for participants.sHowever, these advantages can be offset by perceptions of lower quality and the challenges ofs“continuous partial attention” (=-=Stone, 2007-=-). The prevalence of low cost and accessiblescommunications devices results in increased multi-tasking that may induce online conferencesparticipants to pay only partial attention to screen based proc...

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...6; Rosenthal & Revkin, 2007; Solomon, Plattner, Knutti &sFriedlingstein, 2009). Although some of the science on climate change (and climate scientists)shave come under recent criticism (Pearce, 2010; =-=Wente, 2010-=-), many governments,sorganizations, and businesses remain dedicated to the reduction of CO2 emissions. In Europe,sthere has been a series of directives aimed at limiting and reducing CO2 emissions thr...