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...ans have assimilated a large number of arbitrary, unnatural mappings from productssthat were not designed to be usable but that they use easily because they have learned to use them from asyoung age (=-=Norman 1988-=-, 1993). These population stereotypes derive largely from experience of culturalsconventions.s2006 Design Research Society . International Conference in Lisbon . IADE 5sThey are just customs, but Smit...

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...saffordances (Norman, 2004b), or body reflectors (Bush, 1989), which people can understandsimmediately, simply because they reflect their ingrained experience of embodiment in the world (Clark,s1997; =-=Varela, Thompson, and Rosch, 1991-=-).s2.4.2 Population StereotypessAt a more complex level, intuitive interaction employs population stereotypes which are engrained fromsan early age. Humans have assimilated a large number of arbitrary...

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...987). Metaphors are grounded in experience and understood only in relation to experiences(Lakoff and Johnson, 1981, p202). Each experience or vicarious experience can serve as a metaphor orsanalogue (=-=Klein, 1998-=-). Intuition is enabled by this sort of transfer. Using metaphor, a problem isstransferred “…to a level where immediate intuition from experience is available” (Rasmussen, 1986,sp123). Metaphor allows...

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... as a metaphor orsanalogue (Klein, 1998). Intuition is enabled by this sort of transfer. Using metaphor, a problem isstransferred “…to a level where immediate intuition from experience is available” (=-=Rasmussen, 1986-=-,sp123). Metaphor allows people to transfer knowledge between domains. When a person has relevantsexperience in a different domain, metaphors could be used to relate that knowledge to a new situation....

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...tely new concept or function. Metaphor involves retrieval of useful analogies from memory andsmapping of the elements of a known situation, the source, and a new situation, the target (Holyoak, 1991;s=-=Lakoff, 1987-=-). Metaphors are grounded in experience and understood only in relation to experiences(Lakoff and Johnson, 1981, p202). Each experience or vicarious experience can serve as a metaphor orsanalogue (Kle...

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...e of embodiment.s2.4.6 Compatible MappingssIt has been recommended that designers should exploit natural mappings, which are the basis ofsstimulus-response compatibility (Norman, 1988; Wickens, 1992; =-=Wickens, Gordon, and Liu, 1998-=-).sStimulus-response compatibility relates to the relationships of controls and the object they arescontrolling. It is important because a system with a greater degree of compatibility will result in ...

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...elong experience of embodiment.s2.4.6 Compatible MappingssIt has been recommended that designers should exploit natural mappings, which are the basis ofsstimulus-response compatibility (Norman, 1988; =-=Wickens, 1992-=-; Wickens, Gordon, and Liu, 1998).sStimulus-response compatibility relates to the relationships of controls and the object they arescontrolling. It is important because a system with a greater degree ...

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...ation.s2.4.7 External ConsistencysConsistency is assumed to enhance the possibility that the user can transfer skills from one system to another,swhich makes new systems easier to use (Nielsen, 1989; =-=Preece et al., 2002-=-; Thimbleby, 1991). It improvessusers’ productivity because they can predict what a system will do in a given situation and can rely on a fewsrules to govern their use of the system (Nielsen, 1989). K...

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...milar enough to some of these interfaces to allow application of Principle 1. The desktopsmetaphor is a good example of this sort of metaphor successfully applied (Perkins, Keller, and Ludolph,s1997; =-=Smith, Irby, Kimball, and Verplank, 1982-=-).s2006 Design Research Society . International Conference in Lisbon . IADE 3s2.3 Principle 3: Redundancy and internal consistencysRedundancy is essential in ensuring that as many users as possible ca...

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...xplain ascompletely new concept or function. Metaphor involves retrieval of useful analogies from memory andsmapping of the elements of a known situation, the source, and a new situation, the target (=-=Holyoak, 1991-=-;sLakoff, 1987). Metaphors are grounded in experience and understood only in relation to experiences(Lakoff and Johnson, 1981, p202). Each experience or vicarious experience can serve as a metaphor or...

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...ng of the elements of a known situation, the source, and a new situation, the target (Holyoak, 1991;sLakoff, 1987). Metaphors are grounded in experience and understood only in relation to experiences(=-=Lakoff and Johnson, 1981-=-, p202). Each experience or vicarious experience can serve as a metaphor orsanalogue (Klein, 1998). Intuition is enabled by this sort of transfer. Using metaphor, a problem isstransferred “…to a level...

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...re reallysenough as they stand at present, and designers do not currently have enough information about peoplesand products to create products that better represent the desire for a satisfying world (=-=Margolin, 1997-=-).sDesigners do not have enough information to go on when developing new products, and Margolin sees asneed for large scale research on the subject of product use.sPreece et al. (2002) argue that it i...

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...n where on the product they are placeds(Blackler et al., 2004, 2005). It was also found that older people were significantly slower at completingsthe tasks and had significantly fewer intuitive uses (=-=Blackler, 2006-=-).sPreviously, no-one had empirically tested the nature of intuitive interaction or linked intuitive interactionsto the existing theoretical knowledge base. Three principles of intuitive interaction w...

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...soften non-conscious and utilises stored experiential knowledge. Intuitive interaction involves the use ofsknowledge gained from other products and/or experiences (Blackler, Popovic, and Mahar, 2002;s=-=Blackler, Popovic, and Mahar, 2003-=-a, b, 2004, 2005). Therefore, products that people use intuitively aresthose with features they have encountered before.sThis position was supported by two initial experimental studies, which found th...

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...articularspopulation.s2.4.7 External ConsistencysConsistency is assumed to enhance the possibility that the user can transfer skills from one system to another,swhich makes new systems easier to use (=-=Nielsen, 1989-=-; Preece et al., 2002; Thimbleby, 1991). It improvessusers’ productivity because they can predict what a system will do in a given situation and can rely on a fewsrules to govern their use of the syst...

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...ency is consistency within the system. Externalsconsistency is the consistency of the system with things outside the system; for example, metaphors, usersknowledge, the work domain and other systemss(=-=Kellogg, 1987-=-).sNielsen (1989) argues that the consistency of a device with users’ expectations is important, whethersthose expectations have come from a similar system or something different. Koritzinsky (1989) s...

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...s more likely to be correct, the operator could use the controlsfaster and with greater precision and learnt to use the control more rapidly.sPopulation stereotypes have been studied since the 1950s (=-=Smith, 1981-=-). However, Simpson and Chans(1988) claim that many issues remained unresolved, and many recommendations are still based on worksdone during the 1950s. A lot has changed since then in terms of the pop...

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...d the object they arescontrolling. It is important because a system with a greater degree of compatibility will result in fasterslearning and response times, fewer errors and a lower mental workload (=-=Wickens, 1987-=-; Wu, 1997).sResponses are faster when the structural features of stimulus and response sets correspond and the S-Rsmappings can be characterised by rules (Proctor, Lu, Wang and Dutta, (1995) Wickens,...

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...d/or mode. Internalsconsistency is consistency within a system between its various parts. Keeping internal consistency allowssusers to apply the same knowledge and metaphors throughout the interface (=-=Kellogg, 1989-=-).sThe only author to have offered anything similar to these principles in relation to intuitive interaction issSpool (2005). Spool used the terms current and target knowledge to refer to the knowledg...

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...81) claims that “expectations based on customary usage can besstrongly compelling” (p306). Strong stereotypes are less vulnerable to stress, change of body position andsuse of the non-preferred hand (=-=Loveless, 1963-=-). Asfour, Omachonu, Diaz and Abdel-Moty (1991) foundsthat when population stereotypes were conformed to, reaction or decision time was shorter, the firstscontrol movement the operator made was more l...

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...soften non-conscious and utilises stored experiential knowledge. Intuitive interaction involves the use ofsknowledge gained from other products and/or experiences (Blackler, Popovic, and Mahar, 2002;s=-=Blackler, Popovic, and Mahar, 2003-=-a, b, 2004, 2005). Therefore, products that people use intuitively aresthose with features they have encountered before.sThis position was supported by two initial experimental studies, which found th...

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...e 1. The intuitive interaction continuum including positions of other interaction theoriess2.4.1 Body ReflectorssThe continuum starts from the simplest form of intuitive interaction; body reflectors (=-=Bush, 1989-=-), whichsare based on embodied knowledge learned so early that it seems almost innate. Bush (1989) describessbody reflectors as products or parts that resemble or mirror the body because they come int...

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...t features target users would be familiar with. Metaphorssshould be selected for their appropriateness to the target market and should be matched to thesexperiences and capabilities of typical users (=-=Smith, 1998-=-). Many designers believe icons have moresuniversal familiarity than labels as all users live in the same visual world, but even then items can looksdifferent. For example, mailbox icons commonly used...

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...iscussed by Norman (2004b) in relation to physical, or real, affordances, which will besdiscussed further below. The simplest application of Principle 1 would be through real or physicalsaffordances (=-=Norman, 2004-=-b), or body reflectors (Bush, 1989), which people can understandsimmediately, simply because they reflect their ingrained experience of embodiment in the world (Clark,s1997; Varela, Thompson, and Rosc...

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...he user’s understanding). The main point of consistency is to establish a behaviour pattern; similarsphysical actions in similar situations can establish habits and teach the end user what to expects(=-=Koritzinsky, 1989-=-).Both principles 1 and 2 involve applying external consistency. It can be seen assequivalent to applying familiar features or applying metaphors (Kellogg, 1987).s2.4.8 The Continuum and the Principle...