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... time course of these processes. Interactive models assume that the parser uses the different information types immediately, i.e., when available in an interactive manner (Bates and MacWhinney, 1987; =-=MacDonald et al., 1994-=-; Marslen-Wilson and Tyler, 1980; Taraban and McClelland, 1988). Modular, syntaxfirst theories claim that the parser incrementally constructs a syntactic structure on the basis of word category inform...

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... incrementally constructs a syntactic structure on the basis of word category information independent of semantic information and that thematic role assignment takes place only during a second stage (=-=Fodor, 1983-=-; Frazier and Fodor, 1978). Behavioral studies have provided evidence for both views. Recently, a number of studies have investigated the brain basis of language comprehension by means of functional m...

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...hne and Friederici, 2002): Similar to earlier studies reported in the literature an N400 component was elicited by the word that rendered a sentence semantically incorrect (Holcomb and Neville, 1991; =-=Kutas and Hillyard, 1984-=- for review see Kutas and Federmeier, 2000; Kutas and Van Petten, 1994). Similar N400 effects, however, were also observed out of sentential context when two words standing in close semantic relation ...

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...rlier studies reported in the literature an N400 component was elicited by the word that rendered a sentence semantically incorrect (Holcomb and Neville, 1991; Kutas and Hillyard, 1984 for review see =-=Kutas and Federmeier, 2000-=-; Kutas and Van Petten, 1994). Similar N400 effects, however, were also observed out of sentential context when two words standing in close semantic relation are processed (e.g., Van Petten, 1993). Th...

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...) S8–S17 www.elsevier.com/locate/ynimg 1053-8119/$ – see front matter © 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.09.003 materials, and experimental tasks (for reviews see =-=Friederici, 2002-=-; Hickok and Poeppel, 2000). The present article will report studies that used the same type of stimulus material, applying different techniques such as fMRI, ERP, and magnetoencephalography (MEG) to ...

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... et al., 1993 for a recent review see Friederici, 2002), as well as in correct but temporarily ambiguous sentences for the critical disambiguating element signaling the need for syntactic reanalysis (=-=Osterhout and Holcomb, 1992-=-, 1993; Osterhout et al., 1994; Mecklinger et al., 1995). The functional interpretation of the P600 varies from being the index of syntactic processes (Hagoort et al., 1993), of secondary syntactic pr...

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...early with respect to onset of the suffix, i.e., the word category identification point (Friederici et al., 1996). The P600 was observed with outright syntactic violations requiring syntactic repair (=-=Hagoort et al., 1993-=-; Friederici et al., 1993; Münte et al., 1993; Neville et al., 1991; Rösler et al., 1993 for a recent review see Friederici, 2002), as well as in correct but temporarily ambiguous sentences for the ...

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...ier.com/locate/ynimg 1053-8119/$ – see front matter © 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.09.003 materials, and experimental tasks (for reviews see Friederici, 2002; =-=Hickok and Poeppel, 2000-=-). The present article will report studies that used the same type of stimulus material, applying different techniques such as fMRI, ERP, and magnetoencephalography (MEG) to healthy subjects and diffe...

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...ici, 2003; Fiebach et al., 2001). These latter syntactic processes are supported by BA 44/45 in the IFG (Ben-Shahar et al., 2003; Caplan et al., 1998, 2002; Fiebach et al., 2001; Newman et al., 2003; =-=Stromswold et al., 1996-=-) (indicated by white circle in Fig. 1). Late syntactic processes, i.e., processes of syntactic revision, and late integration (phase 3) are reflected in the ERP component P600. The brain basis of the...

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...ceding the late P600 component. Such a biphasic pattern was reported for phrase structure violations realized as word category errors (Friederici et al., 1996, 1993; Hahne and Friederici, 1999, 2002; =-=Neville et al., 1991-=-) and for agreement violations S9A.D. Friederici, S.A. Kotz / NeuroImage 20 (2003) S8–S17 Fig. 1. Displayed are the syntax- and semantic-related brain regions. The blue circle marks the region support...

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...eft anterior negativity between 300 and 500 ms (LAN), a component which was not investigated in the present set of experiments but in a number of experiments in different languages including English (=-=Coulson et al., 1998-=-), Dutch (Gunter et al., 1997), German (Münte et al., 1997), Italian (Angrilli et al., 2002), and Hebrew (Deutsch and Bentin, 2001). Most recently it has been argued on the basis of ERP findings in I...

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...ERP experiment that presented syntactically incorrect sentences as in (1), semantically incorrect sentences as in (2), and correct sentences as in (4) auditorily the following ERP effects were found (=-=Friederici et al., 1993-=-; Hahne and Friederici, 2002): Similar to earlier studies reported in the literature an N400 component was elicited by the word that rendered a sentence semantically incorrect (Holcomb and Neville, 19...

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...ee Friederici, 2002), as well as in correct but temporarily ambiguous sentences for the critical disambiguating element signaling the need for syntactic reanalysis (Osterhout and Holcomb, 1992, 1993; =-=Osterhout et al., 1994-=-; Mecklinger et al., 1995). The functional interpretation of the P600 varies from being the index of syntactic processes (Hagoort et al., 1993), of secondary syntactic processes such as reanalysis and...

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...differ in their views on the time course of these processes. Interactive models assume that the parser uses the different information types immediately, i.e., when available in an interactive manner (=-=Bates and MacWhinney, 1987-=-; MacDonald et al., 1994; Marslen-Wilson and Tyler, 1980; Taraban and McClelland, 1988). Modular, syntaxfirst theories claim that the parser incrementally constructs a syntactic structure on the basis...

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...ndex of syntactic processes (Hagoort et al., 1993), of secondary syntactic processes such as reanalysis and repair (Friederici and Mecklinger, 1996), or of syntactic integration processes in general (=-=Kaan et al., 2000-=-). In agreement with these earlier studies the three components observed in this experiment were taken to reflect different stages of processing during language comprehension: an initial stage of loca...

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...ved a left anterior negativity preceding the late P600 component. Such a biphasic pattern was reported for phrase structure violations realized as word category errors (Friederici et al., 1996, 1993; =-=Hahne and Friederici, 1999-=-, 2002; Neville et al., 1991) and for agreement violations S9A.D. Friederici, S.A. Kotz / NeuroImage 20 (2003) S8–S17 Fig. 1. Displayed are the syntax- and semantic-related brain regions. The blue cir...

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...me that the parser uses the different information types immediately, i.e., when available in an interactive manner (Bates and MacWhinney, 1987; MacDonald et al., 1994; Marslen-Wilson and Tyler, 1980; =-=Taraban and McClelland, 1988-=-). Modular, syntaxfirst theories claim that the parser incrementally constructs a syntactic structure on the basis of word category information independent of semantic information and that thematic ro...

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...ormation is available, a second stage of lexical–semantic processes reflected by the N400,1 and a third stage involving processes of syntactic revision and integration reflected by the P600 (see also =-=Friederici, 1995-=-, 2002). Given the finding of the different ERP components/ subprocesses some questions arose: the first concerned the temporal and functional separation of the different subprocesses and the second c...

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...ponent but in a sustained left frontal negativity (Fiebach and Friederici, 2003; Fiebach et al., 2001). These latter syntactic processes are supported by BA 44/45 in the IFG (Ben-Shahar et al., 2003; =-=Caplan et al., 1998-=-, 2002; Fiebach et al., 2001; Newman et al., 2003; Stromswold et al., 1996) (indicated by white circle in Fig. 1). Late syntactic processes, i.e., processes of syntactic revision, and late integration...

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... during sentence comprehension holds. Conclusion On the basis of the results of fMRI, ERP, MEG, and patient studies reported here and those in the literature (for recent reviews see Friederici, 2002; =-=Kaan and Swaab, 2002-=-; Kotz and Friederici, 2003) we propose the following brainbased model of language comprehension. There are separate temporofrontal circuits for the processing of syntactic and semantic information in...

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...ight syntactic violations observed a left anterior negativity preceding the late P600 component. Such a biphasic pattern was reported for phrase structure violations realized as word category errors (=-=Friederici et al., 1996-=-, 1993; Hahne and Friederici, 1999, 2002; Neville et al., 1991) and for agreement violations S9A.D. Friederici, S.A. Kotz / NeuroImage 20 (2003) S8–S17 Fig. 1. Displayed are the syntax- and semantic-r...

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... here. Color coding of the different phases is matched to the respective brain activations displayed in Fig. 1. S10 A.D. Friederici, S.A. Kotz / NeuroImage 20 (2003) S8–S17 (Deutsch and Bentin, 2001; =-=Gunter et al., 1997-=-, 2000; Penke et al., 1997). The latency of the left anterior negativity seems to vary as a function of the violation type, i.e., ELAN for phrase structure violations and LAN for agreement violations....

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... observed to vary as a function of difficulties of syntactic integration (Kaan et al., 2000) and, moreover, as a function of difficulties of semantic integration in syntactically incorrect sentences (=-=Gunter et al., 2000-=-). Further studies will have to show whether the proposed functional subdivision of the STG during sentence comprehension holds. Conclusion On the basis of the results of fMRI, ERP, MEG, and patient s...

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... well as in correct but temporarily ambiguous sentences for the critical disambiguating element signaling the need for syntactic reanalysis (Osterhout and Holcomb, 1992, 1993; Osterhout et al., 1994; =-=Mecklinger et al., 1995-=-). The functional interpretation of the P600 varies from being the index of syntactic processes (Hagoort et al., 1993), of secondary syntactic processes such as reanalysis and repair (Friederici and M...

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...Friederici et al., 1993; Hahne and Friederici, 2002): Similar to earlier studies reported in the literature an N400 component was elicited by the word that rendered a sentence semantically incorrect (=-=Holcomb and Neville, 1991-=-; Kutas and Hillyard, 1984 for review see Kutas and Federmeier, 2000; Kutas and Van Petten, 1994). Similar N400 effects, however, were also observed out of sentential context when two words standing i...

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...ted auditorily together with single syntactic violations and single semantic violations, as in (1) and 1 Note that we will not discuss the N400 as a reflection of impossible thematic role assignment (=-=Bornkessel, 2002-=-; Frisch and Schlesewsky, 2001) in instances in which case-marking information allows a direct mapping onto thematic/semantic roles. For details see Bornkessel (2002). S11A.D. Friederici, S.A. Kotz / ...

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...ing online sentence processing. These processes involving syntactic working memory are not reflected in a local ERP component but in a sustained left frontal negativity (Fiebach and Friederici, 2003; =-=Fiebach et al., 2001-=-). These latter syntactic processes are supported by BA 44/45 in the IFG (Ben-Shahar et al., 2003; Caplan et al., 1998, 2002; Fiebach et al., 2001; Newman et al., 2003; Stromswold et al., 1996) (indic...

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...ntically and syntactically incorrect, as in (3), were used. Brain responses to these incorrect sentences were compared with those to correct sentences ((4), for a detailed description of material see =-=Hahne and Friederici, 2002-=-). (1) Syn incorr: Das Eis wurde im ___ gegessen./The ice cream was in the ___ eaten. (2) Sem incorr: Der Vulkan wurde gegessen./The volcano was eaten. (3) Syn/sem incorr: Das Türschloss wurde im ___...

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...ded evidence for a functional separation of BA 44 and BA 45 in the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) with BA 45 supporting semantic aspects and BA 44 subserving syntactic aspects of processing (e.g., =-=Friederici et al., 2000b-=-). Temporal structure of syntactic and semantic processes: ERP studies Language processing unfolds in time millisecond by millisecond. We therefore conducted a number of ERP experiments with healthy y...

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...ger et al., 1995). The functional interpretation of the P600 varies from being the index of syntactic processes (Hagoort et al., 1993), of secondary syntactic processes such as reanalysis and repair (=-=Friederici and Mecklinger, 1996-=-), or of syntactic integration processes in general (Kaan et al., 2000). In agreement with these earlier studies the three components observed in this experiment were taken to reflect different stages...

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...ormation are not discussed here. Color coding of the different phases is matched to the respective brain activations displayed in Fig. 1. S10 A.D. Friederici, S.A. Kotz / NeuroImage 20 (2003) S8–S17 (=-=Deutsch and Bentin, 2001-=-; Gunter et al., 1997, 2000; Penke et al., 1997). The latency of the left anterior negativity seems to vary as a function of the violation type, i.e., ELAN for phrase structure violations and LAN for ...

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...lected in a local ERP component but in a sustained left frontal negativity (Fiebach and Friederici, 2003; Fiebach et al., 2001). These latter syntactic processes are supported by BA 44/45 in the IFG (=-=Ben-Shahar et al., 2003-=-; Caplan et al., 1998, 2002; Fiebach et al., 2001; Newman et al., 2003; Stromswold et al., 1996) (indicated by white circle in Fig. 1). Late syntactic processes, i.e., processes of syntactic revision,...

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...ether with single syntactic violations and single semantic violations, as in (1) and 1 Note that we will not discuss the N400 as a reflection of impossible thematic role assignment (Bornkessel, 2002; =-=Frisch and Schlesewsky, 2001-=-) in instances in which case-marking information allows a direct mapping onto thematic/semantic roles. For details see Bornkessel (2002). S11A.D. Friederici, S.A. Kotz / NeuroImage 20 (2003) S8–S17 (2...

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...the late syntactic integration processes. In principle there are two possibilities to identify the brain basis of the early versus the late syntactic processes. First, current source density mapping (=-=Knoesche et al., 1999-=-) and dipole modeling (Friederici et al., 2000b) of data from MEG experiments with a large number of electrode channels may provide relevant information about the brain regions involved. Second, ERP s...

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...ntence, thereby signaling “who is doing what to whom.” For example, a sentence like The cat that the dog hunted is black can be understood only when processing the function word “that” correctly (see =-=Caplan, 1995-=-, 2001). Models of language comprehension agree on the notion that syntactic and semantic information has to be integrated within a minimum of time in order to guarantee fast understanding. They diffe...

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...is result corresponds to the behavioral finding that adult-like syntactic processes are observable only around the age of 10 years, whereas adult-like semantic processes are established much earlier (=-=Friederici, 1983-=-). The second issue discussed on the basis of the present results and those reported in the literature is the time course of syntactic and semantic processes. The model presented in Fig. 4 is an exten...

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...y constructs a syntactic structure on the basis of word category information independent of semantic information and that thematic role assignment takes place only during a second stage (Fodor, 1983; =-=Frazier and Fodor, 1978-=-). Behavioral studies have provided evidence for both views. Recently, a number of studies have investigated the brain basis of language comprehension by means of functional magnetic resonance imaging...

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...pulation of moved elements during online sentence processing. These processes involving syntactic working memory are not reflected in a local ERP component but in a sustained left frontal negativity (=-=Fiebach and Friederici, 2003-=-; Fiebach et al., 2001). These latter syntactic processes are supported by BA 44/45 in the IFG (Ben-Shahar et al., 2003; Caplan et al., 1998, 2002; Fiebach et al., 2001; Newman et al., 2003; Stromswol...

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...ase-marking information allows a direct mapping onto thematic/semantic roles. For details see Bornkessel (2002). S11A.D. Friederici, S.A. Kotz / NeuroImage 20 (2003) S8–S17 (2), were straightforward (=-=Friederici et al., 2003a-=-). The double-violation condition elicited a left anterior negativity between 400 and 800 ms (i.e., about 100 ms after the word category decision point resembling an ELAN), no N400 effect, but a P600 ...