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...able removal of PPCPs through WWTPs has led to detection of these compounds in the aquatic environment, albeit mostly in microgram to nanogram per liter concentrations (Halling-Sorensen et al., 1998; =-=Kolpin et al., 2002-=-; Cahill et al., 2004; Glassmeyer et al., 0045-6535/$ - see front matter Ó 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.07.057 Please ...

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...2012; Blair et al., 2013). Variable removal of PPCPs through WWTPs has led to detection of these compounds in the aquatic environment, albeit mostly in microgram to nanogram per liter concentrations (=-=Halling-Sorensen et al., 1998-=-; Kolpin et al., 2002; Cahill et al., 2004; Glassmeyer et al., 0045-6535/$ - see front matter Ó 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemospher...

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...sponding author. Tel.: +1 414 382 1713; fax: +1 414 382 1705. E-mail address: rklaper@uwm.edu (R.D. Klaper). Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) have been found in wastewater worldwide (=-=Ternes, 1998-=-; Gomez et al., 2007; Vieno et al., 2007; Miege et al., 2009; Suarez et al., 2012; Aydin and Talini, 2013; Tewari et al., 2013). The level of removal has been found to vary widely depending on the che...

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...t al., 2010). Research has shown that certain PPCPs may have an impact on the environment at the microgram to nanogram per liter concentrations with a range of potential impacts (Brooks et al., 2003; =-=Fent et al., 2006-=-; Han et al., 2006; Hernando et al., 2006; Christensen et al., 2009; Gros et al., 2010; Al Aukidy et al., 2012; Brodin et al., 2013; Tewari et al., 2013). The emission of PPCPs into the environment fr...

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...nd in the Great Lakes above concentrations of environmental concern. Chemosphere (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.07.0572 B.D. Blair et al. / Chemosphere xxx (2013) xxx–xxx 2005; =-=Focazio et al., 2008-=-; Snyder, 2008; Kümmerer, 2009; Scheurer et al., 2009; Yu and Chu, 2009; Li et al., 2010). Higher pharmaceutical concentrations in WWTP effluent have been measured under certain circumstances, such as...

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...stent in the final effluent at SWWRF which may be due to the high expected removal from a WWTP through adsorption, biodegradation, and exposure to chlorine (Joss et al., 2006; Esperanza et al., 2007; =-=Benotti et al., 2009-=-; Huerta-Fontela et al., 2011). Given the inconsistent and low levels detected in the effluent and the high dilution from entering Lake Michigan, the levels of hormones in the lake from the WWTP would...

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... in Lake Michigan water or sediment. Carbamazepine has been found to be highly persistent in wastewater since it is expected to resist biological degradation (Gomez et al., 2007; Santos et al., 2007; =-=Radjenovic et al., 2009-=-; Rosal et al., 2010; Blair et al., 2013). However, carbamazepine was not detected in the water or sediment samples surrounding SSWRF. Dilution of the wastewater effluent may have been adequate to red...

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...d on bodies of water that are potentially contaminated from human, industrial, and agricultural wastewater (Kolpin et al., 2002). Four previous studies have looked at PPCPs levels in the Great Lakes (=-=Metcalfe et al., 2003-=-; Wu et al., 2009; Li et al., 2010; Csiszar et al., 2011) with a wide range of results and they have focused near shore, in harbors, and in rivers that are tributaries to the Great Lakes. No previous ...

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...entrations of hormones were low and inconsistent in the final effluent at SWWRF which may be due to the high expected removal from a WWTP through adsorption, biodegradation, and exposure to chlorine (=-=Joss et al., 2006-=-; Esperanza et al., 2007; Benotti et al., 2009; Huerta-Fontela et al., 2011). Given the inconsistent and low levels detected in the effluent and the high dilution from entering Lake Michigan, the leve...

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...1713; fax: +1 414 382 1705. E-mail address: rklaper@uwm.edu (R.D. Klaper). Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) have been found in wastewater worldwide (Ternes, 1998; Gomez et al., 2007; =-=Vieno et al., 2007-=-; Miege et al., 2009; Suarez et al., 2012; Aydin and Talini, 2013; Tewari et al., 2013). The level of removal has been found to vary widely depending on the chemical, the operating conditions, and the...

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...concentrations with a range of potential impacts (Brooks et al., 2003; Fent et al., 2006; Han et al., 2006; Hernando et al., 2006; Christensen et al., 2009; Gros et al., 2010; Al Aukidy et al., 2012; =-=Brodin et al., 2013-=-; Tewari et al., 2013). The emission of PPCPs into the environment from wastewater can depend on the wastewater treatment processes, the flow of the waste stream, and different PPCPs usage patterns th...

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...ations of environmental concern. Chemosphere (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.07.0572 B.D. Blair et al. / Chemosphere xxx (2013) xxx–xxx 2005; Focazio et al., 2008; Snyder, 2008; =-=Kümmerer, 2009-=-; Scheurer et al., 2009; Yu and Chu, 2009; Li et al., 2010). Higher pharmaceutical concentrations in WWTP effluent have been measured under certain circumstances, such as WWTPs that receive a substant...

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...in rivers that are tributaries to the Great Lakes. No previous studies have assessed PPCPs offshore in Lake Michigan. Lake Michigan is the sixth largest lake in the world by volume and fifth by area (=-=Beeton, 2002-=-) and understanding the concentration of these pollutants in Lake Michigan is critical. Additionally, no previous studies have assessed the extent of the temporal and spatial distribution of PPCPs fro...

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... certain PPCPs may have an impact on the environment at the microgram to nanogram per liter concentrations with a range of potential impacts (Brooks et al., 2003; Fent et al., 2006; Han et al., 2006; =-=Hernando et al., 2006-=-; Christensen et al., 2009; Gros et al., 2010; Al Aukidy et al., 2012; Brodin et al., 2013; Tewari et al., 2013). The emission of PPCPs into the environment from wastewater can depend on the wastewate...

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...t at SSWRF but rarely in Lake Michigan water or sediment. Carbamazepine has been found to be highly persistent in wastewater since it is expected to resist biological degradation (Gomez et al., 2007; =-=Santos et al., 2007-=-; Radjenovic et al., 2009; Rosal et al., 2010; Blair et al., 2013). However, carbamazepine was not detected in the water or sediment samples surrounding SSWRF. Dilution of the wastewater effluent may ...

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...al., 2007; Phillips et al., 2010). Research has shown that certain PPCPs may have an impact on the environment at the microgram to nanogram per liter concentrations with a range of potential impacts (=-=Brooks et al., 2003-=-; Fent et al., 2006; Han et al., 2006; Hernando et al., 2006; Christensen et al., 2009; Gros et al., 2010; Al Aukidy et al., 2012; Brodin et al., 2013; Tewari et al., 2013). The emission of PPCPs into...

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...rch has shown that certain PPCPs may have an impact on the environment at the microgram to nanogram per liter concentrations with a range of potential impacts (Brooks et al., 2003; Fent et al., 2006; =-=Han et al., 2006-=-; Hernando et al., 2006; Christensen et al., 2009; Gros et al., 2010; Al Aukidy et al., 2012; Brodin et al., 2013; Tewari et al., 2013). The emission of PPCPs into the environment from wastewater can ...

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...nt. PPCPs were measured in both surface water and sediment samples over six dates. The sampling pattern was selected due to the prevailing southern current in this portion of the Lake Michigan basin (=-=Rao and Schwab, 2007-=-). When possible, a RQ was estimated to determine which compounds are at a level of concern based on existing effects data or models. 2. Materials and methods South Shore Water Reclamation Facility (S...

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... Tewari et al., 2013). The level of removal has been found to vary widely depending on the chemical, the operating conditions, and the treatment technologies (Miege et al., 2009; Oulton et al., 2010; =-=Verlicchi et al., 2012-=-; Blair et al., 2013). Variable removal of PPCPs through WWTPs has led to detection of these compounds in the aquatic environment, albeit mostly in microgram to nanogram per liter concentrations (Hall...

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...nes were low and inconsistent in the final effluent at SWWRF which may be due to the high expected removal from a WWTP through adsorption, biodegradation, and exposure to chlorine (Joss et al., 2006; =-=Esperanza et al., 2007-=-; Benotti et al., 2009; Huerta-Fontela et al., 2011). Given the inconsistent and low levels detected in the effluent and the high dilution from entering Lake Michigan, the levels of hormones in the la...

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...r. Tel.: +1 414 382 1713; fax: +1 414 382 1705. E-mail address: rklaper@uwm.edu (R.D. Klaper). Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) have been found in wastewater worldwide (Ternes, 1998; =-=Gomez et al., 2007-=-; Vieno et al., 2007; Miege et al., 2009; Suarez et al., 2012; Aydin and Talini, 2013; Tewari et al., 2013). The level of removal has been found to vary widely depending on the chemical, the operating...

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...2 1705. E-mail address: rklaper@uwm.edu (R.D. Klaper). Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) have been found in wastewater worldwide (Ternes, 1998; Gomez et al., 2007; Vieno et al., 2007; =-=Miege et al., 2009-=-; Suarez et al., 2012; Aydin and Talini, 2013; Tewari et al., 2013). The level of removal has been found to vary widely depending on the chemical, the operating conditions, and the treatment technolog...

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...ent at the microgram to nanogram per liter concentrations with a range of potential impacts (Brooks et al., 2003; Fent et al., 2006; Han et al., 2006; Hernando et al., 2006; Christensen et al., 2009; =-=Gros et al., 2010-=-; Al Aukidy et al., 2012; Brodin et al., 2013; Tewari et al., 2013). The emission of PPCPs into the environment from wastewater can depend on the wastewater treatment processes, the flow of the waste ...

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...on in sediment needs further investigation. Triclosan and triclocarban were detected in Lake Michigan sediment due to their regular occurrence in effluent and their known hydrophobic characteristics (=-=Loranzo et al., 2013-=-). Additionally, the detection of metformin and diphenhydramine in Lake Michigan sediment is notable. Other PPCPs detected in the sediment cannot be clearly contributed to the effluent from SSWRF. For...

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...above concentrations of environmental concern. Chemosphere (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.07.0572 B.D. Blair et al. / Chemosphere xxx (2013) xxx–xxx 2005; Focazio et al., 2008; =-=Snyder, 2008-=-; Kümmerer, 2009; Scheurer et al., 2009; Yu and Chu, 2009; Li et al., 2010). Higher pharmaceutical concentrations in WWTP effluent have been measured under certain circumstances, such as WWTPs that re...

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...din and Talini, 2013; Tewari et al., 2013). The level of removal has been found to vary widely depending on the chemical, the operating conditions, and the treatment technologies (Miege et al., 2009; =-=Oulton et al., 2010-=-; Verlicchi et al., 2012; Blair et al., 2013). Variable removal of PPCPs through WWTPs has led to detection of these compounds in the aquatic environment, albeit mostly in microgram to nanogram per li...

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...te, partitioning to sediments or biological entities, uptake up by biota, volatilization, biological degradation, photodegradation, or transformed through other abiotic mechanisms such as hydrolysis (=-=Yamamoto et al., 2009-=-). In the Great Lakes, which contains 84% of North America’s freshwater (USEPA, 2012a), dilution from the source may also be a major factor in the occurrence and detection of PPCPs in surface water an...

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...ission of PPCPs into the environment from wastewater can depend on the wastewater treatment processes, the flow of the waste stream, and different PPCPs usage patterns that vary by region and season (=-=Dickenson et al., 2011-=-; Yu et al., 2013). In an aquatic environment the fate and concentration of PPCPs can be reliant on the receiving water body flow rate, partitioning to sediments or biological entities, uptake up by b...

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...CPs concentrations in the Milwaukee Harbor were higher overall than the area surrounding SSWRF. This was used as a reference site as previous research has shown chronic fecal pollution in the harbor (=-=Newton et al., 2011-=-). These results agree with other studies assessing harbors on the Great Lakes (Metcalfe et al., 2003; Csiszar et al., 2011). Hormones were not consistently detected above the minimum detection limit ...

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...ros et al., 2010; Al Aukidy et al., 2012; Yu et al., 2013). Conversely, other studies have found PPCPs of high or medium risk in secondary effluent, rivers, and small lakes (Christensen et al., 2009; =-=Valcarcel et al., 2011-=-; Verlicchi et al., 2012; Tewari et al., 2013). Additionally, levels of concern have been found in sewage sludge (Yu et al., 2013). Studies have not been conducted evaluating the occurrence and risk o...

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... environment from wastewater can depend on the wastewater treatment processes, the flow of the waste stream, and different PPCPs usage patterns that vary by region and season (Dickenson et al., 2011; =-=Yu et al., 2013-=-). In an aquatic environment the fate and concentration of PPCPs can be reliant on the receiving water body flow rate, partitioning to sediments or biological entities, uptake up by biota, volatilizat...

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...at are potentially contaminated from human, industrial, and agricultural wastewater (Kolpin et al., 2002). Four previous studies have looked at PPCPs levels in the Great Lakes (Metcalfe et al., 2003; =-=Wu et al., 2009-=-; Li et al., 2010; Csiszar et al., 2011) with a wide range of results and they have focused near shore, in harbors, and in rivers that are tributaries to the Great Lakes. No previous studies have asse...

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...o nanogram per liter concentrations with a range of potential impacts (Brooks et al., 2003; Fent et al., 2006; Han et al., 2006; Hernando et al., 2006; Christensen et al., 2009; Gros et al., 2010; Al =-=Aukidy et al., 2012-=-; Brodin et al., 2013; Tewari et al., 2013). The emission of PPCPs into the environment from wastewater can depend on the wastewater treatment processes, the flow of the waste stream, and different PP...

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...luent at SWWRF which may be due to the high expected removal from a WWTP through adsorption, biodegradation, and exposure to chlorine (Joss et al., 2006; Esperanza et al., 2007; Benotti et al., 2009; =-=Huerta-Fontela et al., 2011-=-). Given the inconsistent and low levels detected in the effluent and the high dilution from entering Lake Michigan, the levels of hormones in the lake from the WWTP would be expected to be below the ...

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...entrations in WWTP effluent have been measured under certain circumstances, such as WWTPs that receive a substantial amount of their flow rate from pharmaceutical manufacturing (Larsson et al., 2007; =-=Phillips et al., 2010-=-). Research has shown that certain PPCPs may have an impact on the environment at the microgram to nanogram per liter concentrations with a range of potential impacts (Brooks et al., 2003; Fent et al....

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...phere (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.07.0572 B.D. Blair et al. / Chemosphere xxx (2013) xxx–xxx 2005; Focazio et al., 2008; Snyder, 2008; Kümmerer, 2009; Scheurer et al., 2009; =-=Yu and Chu, 2009-=-; Li et al., 2010). Higher pharmaceutical concentrations in WWTP effluent have been measured under certain circumstances, such as WWTPs that receive a substantial amount of their flow rate from pharma...

Citation Context

...R.D. Klaper). Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) have been found in wastewater worldwide (Ternes, 1998; Gomez et al., 2007; Vieno et al., 2007; Miege et al., 2009; Suarez et al., 2012; =-=Aydin and Talini, 2013-=-; Tewari et al., 2013). The level of removal has been found to vary widely depending on the chemical, the operating conditions, and the treatment technologies (Miege et al., 2009; Oulton et al., 2010;...

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...he level of removal has been found to vary widely depending on the chemical, the operating conditions, and the treatment technologies (Miege et al., 2009; Oulton et al., 2010; Verlicchi et al., 2012; =-=Blair et al., 2013-=-). Variable removal of PPCPs through WWTPs has led to detection of these compounds in the aquatic environment, albeit mostly in microgram to nanogram per liter concentrations (Halling-Sorensen et al.,...

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... an impact on the environment at the microgram to nanogram per liter concentrations with a range of potential impacts (Brooks et al., 2003; Fent et al., 2006; Han et al., 2006; Hernando et al., 2006; =-=Christensen et al., 2009-=-; Gros et al., 2010; Al Aukidy et al., 2012; Brodin et al., 2013; Tewari et al., 2013). The emission of PPCPs into the environment from wastewater can depend on the wastewater treatment processes, the...

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...://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.07.0572 B.D. Blair et al. / Chemosphere xxx (2013) xxx–xxx 2005; Focazio et al., 2008; Snyder, 2008; Kümmerer, 2009; Scheurer et al., 2009; Yu and Chu, 2009; =-=Li et al., 2010-=-). Higher pharmaceutical concentrations in WWTP effluent have been measured under certain circumstances, such as WWTPs that receive a substantial amount of their flow rate from pharmaceutical manufact...

Citation Context

...ical and personal care products (PPCPs) have been found in wastewater worldwide (Ternes, 1998; Gomez et al., 2007; Vieno et al., 2007; Miege et al., 2009; Suarez et al., 2012; Aydin and Talini, 2013; =-=Tewari et al., 2013-=-). The level of removal has been found to vary widely depending on the chemical, the operating conditions, and the treatment technologies (Miege et al., 2009; Oulton et al., 2010; Verlicchi et al., 20...

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...om human, industrial, and agricultural wastewater (Kolpin et al., 2002). Four previous studies have looked at PPCPs levels in the Great Lakes (Metcalfe et al., 2003; Wu et al., 2009; Li et al., 2010; =-=Csiszar et al., 2011-=-) with a wide range of results and they have focused near shore, in harbors, and in rivers that are tributaries to the Great Lakes. No previous studies have assessed PPCPs offshore in Lake Michigan. L...

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...lent in WWTP influent at concentrations as high as 129000 ng L 1 but the removal efficiency ranges from 41% to over 98% (Scheurer et al., 2009, 2012; Trautwein and Kümmerer, 2011; Blair et al., 2013; =-=Oosterhuis et al., 2013-=-). The median value for metformin in Lake Michigan was greater than 100 ng L 1 , comparable to stream and small lake studies where metformin has been observed in 4.8% of samples with estimated levels ...

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...r sediment. Carbamazepine has been found to be highly persistent in wastewater since it is expected to resist biological degradation (Gomez et al., 2007; Santos et al., 2007; Radjenovic et al., 2009; =-=Rosal et al., 2010-=-; Blair et al., 2013). However, carbamazepine was not detected in the water or sediment samples surrounding SSWRF. Dilution of the wastewater effluent may have been adequate to reduce the concentratio...

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...nmental concern. Chemosphere (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.07.0572 B.D. Blair et al. / Chemosphere xxx (2013) xxx–xxx 2005; Focazio et al., 2008; Snyder, 2008; Kümmerer, 2009; =-=Scheurer et al., 2009-=-; Yu and Chu, 2009; Li et al., 2010). Higher pharmaceutical concentrations in WWTP effluent have been measured under certain circumstances, such as WWTPs that receive a substantial amount of their flo...

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... found, along with others, that metformin is prevalent in WWTP influent at concentrations as high as 129000 ng L 1 but the removal efficiency ranges from 41% to over 98% (Scheurer et al., 2009, 2012; =-=Trautwein and Kümmerer, 2011-=-; Blair et al., 2013; Oosterhuis et al., 2013). The median value for metformin in Lake Michigan was greater than 100 ng L 1 , comparable to stream and small lake studies where metformin has been obser...