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...on the ability to build mutually beneficial relationships with others (Brewer, 2004), human beings have a deep-seated need to feel connected, to be trusted and loved, and to trust and love in return (=-=Baumeister & Leary, 1995-=-). Feeling connected to others increases psychological and physical well-being (Brown, Nesse, Vinokur, & Smith, 2003; De Vries, Glasper, & Detillion, 2003; Lee & Robbins, 1998) and decreases the risk ...

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...ccessful, particularly at the implicit level. LKM may be viewed as a single instantiation of a family of internally generated, consciously controlled techniques for regulating emotion and motivation (=-=Gross, 1998-=-), and was associated with large changes in mood and affect. However, simple explicitly reported mood changes did not account for increases in implicit positivity. Future work will thus be needed to d...

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...correlated with change in positivity toward the target (r � .39, p � .001), and average evaluations across the two nontarget strangers (r � .33, p � .003). Furthermore, the results of a Sobel z test (=-=Sobel, 1982-=-) indicated that change in mood partially mediated the difference between the LKM and IMAGERY groups for the target (z � 2.19, p � .03), and nontargets (z � 1.74, p � .08), although it did not mediate...

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...ses appear resistant to change even in the face of new or contradictory evidence (Gregg, Seibt, & Banaji, 2006), and their effects on behavior can often be difficult to consciously detect or control (=-=Wilson, Lindsey, & Schooler, 2000-=-). How can we increase feelings of connection at an automatic level, most crucially toward those individuals not yet within our circle of trust? A growing psychological literature has focused on decre...

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... durability and real-world consequences of these effects. A small but growing literature suggests that other types of meditation may have important benefits for mental well-being and immune function (=-=Davidson et al., 2003-=-). Does LKM have similar effects? Can it impact real-life decision-making behavior, or have effects that endure beyond a single laboratory session? One outcome of continued meditative practice may be ...

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...cult to consciously manipulate than explicit reports (Kim, 2003). Moreover, explicit attitudes often predict controlled behavior while implicit measures predict spontaneous, nonverbal behavior (e.g., =-=Dovidio, Kawakami, & Gaertner, 2002-=-). Future research will be needed to determine whether the implicit positivity that we observed in this study is more strongly tied to pro-social behavior than explicit reports, or predicts behavior u...

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...ess about the negative consequences of such prejudice (e.g., Rudman, Ashmore, & Gary, 2001), or exposure to individuals from the disliked, stereotyped group toward whom one holds a positive attitude (=-=Dasgupta & Greenwald, 2001-=-). However, Western science has only recently begun to recognize the benefit not just of counteracting negative, antisocial emotion, but also of fostering positive prosocial emotions and behaviors. Ev...

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...ments (Hawkley, Masi, Berry, & Cacioppo, 2006). A sense of connectedness also increases empathetic responding (Cialdini, Brown, Lewis, Luce, & Neuberg, 1997) as well as acts of trust and cooperation (=-=Glaeser, Laibson, Scheinkman, & Soutter, 2000-=-), which tend to have mutually reinforcing effects: they beget trust and cooperation in return (Fehr & Rochenbach, 2003). Unfortunately, despite the clear benefits that feelings of social connectednes...

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...tillion, 2003; Lee & Robbins, 1998) and decreases the risk of depression and physical ailments (Hawkley, Masi, Berry, & Cacioppo, 2006). A sense of connectedness also increases empathetic responding (=-=Cialdini, Brown, Lewis, Luce, & Neuberg, 1997-=-) as well as acts of trust and cooperation (Glaeser, Laibson, Scheinkman, & Soutter, 2000), which tend to have mutually reinforcing effects: they beget trust and cooperation in return (Fehr & Rochenba...

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...spondence concerning this article should be addressed to James J. Gross, Department of Psychology, Jordan Hall, Bldg. 420, Stanford, CA 94305-2130. E-mail: gross@ stanford.edu response toward others (=-=Bargh, 1999-=-). These automatic, implicit responses appear resistant to change even in the face of new or contradictory evidence (Gregg, Seibt, & Banaji, 2006), and their effects on behavior can often be difficult...

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...ued meditative practice may be to transform the transient affective changes that occur during and shortly after meditation into longer lasting, more724 BRIEF REPORTS habitual patterns of responding (=-=Brefczynski-Lewis, Lutz, Schaefer, Levinson, & Davidson, 2007-=-; Cahn & Polich, 2006), but it is not yet known whether practiced loving-kindness meditators would show more long-lasting or stronger effects. We believe that questions such as these will guide the de...

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...tive changes that occur during and shortly after meditation into longer lasting, more724 BRIEF REPORTS habitual patterns of responding (Brefczynski-Lewis, Lutz, Schaefer, Levinson, & Davidson, 2007; =-=Cahn & Polich, 2006-=-), but it is not yet known whether practiced loving-kindness meditators would show more long-lasting or stronger effects. We believe that questions such as these will guide the development of effectiv...

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... American, 5% Latino/Hispanic, 3% Black, 5% other) volunteered for this study. Because extensive experience in meditation has been shown to alter neural structure, and may affect baseline responding (=-=Lazar et al., 2005-=-), participants were excluded if they reported meditating for more than 30 minutes/day. Average meditative practice of participants included in the study was less than 1.7 hours per month. Of particip...

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...erature has focused on decreasing antisocial behaviors or implicit prejudice. These interventions typically involve efforts to raise awareness about the negative consequences of such prejudice (e.g., =-=Rudman, Ashmore, & Gary, 2001-=-), or exposure to individuals from the disliked, stereotyped group toward whom one holds a positive attitude (Dasgupta & Greenwald, 2001). However, Western science has only recently begun to recognize...

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...a deep-seated need to feel connected, to be trusted and loved, and to trust and love in return (Baumeister & Leary, 1995). Feeling connected to others increases psychological and physical well-being (=-=Brown, Nesse, Vinokur, & Smith, 2003-=-; De Vries, Glasper, & Detillion, 2003; Lee & Robbins, 1998) and decreases the risk of depression and physical ailments (Hawkley, Masi, Berry, & Cacioppo, 2006). A sense of connectedness also increase...

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...wishes for well-being toward real or imagined others, is designed to create changes in emotion, motivation, and behavior in order to promote positive feelings and kindness toward the self and others (=-=Salzberg, 1995-=-). Unfortunately, little empirical research has been done on LKM (Wallace, 2006), and the nature and extent of its effects remains largely unknown. Can a simple meditative practice really create posit...

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...ord, CA 94305-2130. E-mail: gross@ stanford.edu response toward others (Bargh, 1999). These automatic, implicit responses appear resistant to change even in the face of new or contradictory evidence (=-=Gregg, Seibt, & Banaji, 2006-=-), and their effects on behavior can often be difficult to consciously detect or control (Wilson, Lindsey, & Schooler, 2000). How can we increase feelings of connection at an automatic level, most cru...

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...and love in return (Baumeister & Leary, 1995). Feeling connected to others increases psychological and physical well-being (Brown, Nesse, Vinokur, & Smith, 2003; De Vries, Glasper, & Detillion, 2003; =-=Lee & Robbins, 1998-=-) and decreases the risk of depression and physical ailments (Hawkley, Masi, Berry, & Cacioppo, 2006). A sense of connectedness also increases empathetic responding (Cialdini, Brown, Lewis, Luce, & Ne...

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... different ingredients will involve investigating the efficacy of simpler methods containing single elements of the LKM procedure. For example, would simple perspective taking or individuation (e.g., =-=Wheeler & Fiske, 2005-=-) be enough to induce the implicit positivity observed as a result of LKM? Would externally produced positive mood induction be equally effective, or do effects depend on the type of emotion induced (...

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...ges in emotion, motivation, and behavior in order to promote positive feelings and kindness toward the self and others (Salzberg, 1995). Unfortunately, little empirical research has been done on LKM (=-=Wallace, 2006-=-), and the nature and extent of its effects remains largely unknown. Can a simple meditative practice really create positive feelings even toward strangers, on an implicit as well as explicit level? I...

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...ate to social behavior. Implicit measures such as the Implicit Association Test or the affective priming task used in this study may be more difficult to consciously manipulate than explicit reports (=-=Kim, 2003-=-). Moreover, explicit attitudes often predict controlled behavior while implicit measures predict spontaneous, nonverbal behavior (e.g., Dovidio, Kawakami, & Gaertner, 2002). Future research will be n...

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...ses psychological and physical well-being (Brown, Nesse, Vinokur, & Smith, 2003; De Vries, Glasper, & Detillion, 2003; Lee & Robbins, 1998) and decreases the risk of depression and physical ailments (=-=Hawkley, Masi, Berry, & Cacioppo, 2006-=-). A sense of connectedness also increases empathetic responding (Cialdini, Brown, Lewis, Luce, & Neuberg, 1997) as well as acts of trust and cooperation (Glaeser, Laibson, Scheinkman, & Soutter, 2000...

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...high-minded ideals of love and harmony with all individuals, it is often quite difficult to implement them. The process of impression formation can proceed spontaneously and without conscious effort (=-=Todorov & Uleman, 2003-=-), and in situations of cognitive load, for example, resources may not be available to monitor and control the 3 Results were comparable when controlling for raw mood measures.BRIEF REPORTS 723 Table...

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...ological, economic, and social changes have resulted in smaller social networks (McPherson, SmithLovin, & Brashears, 2006), as well as an erosion of basic confidence in the trustworthiness of others (=-=Rahn & Transue, 1998-=-). These observations imply a worrisome predicament: increases in social isolation and mistrust of those outside one’s already established social networks may prevent the very signals of cooperation a...

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...ksterhuis, & Vermeulen, 1999). Furthermore, although external, stimulus-driven cues (such as category membership or descriptions of a person’s moral behavior) can quickly create implicit evaluations (=-=Castelli, Zogmaister, Smith, & Arcuri, 2004-=-), it is less clear that automatic affective responses can be as easily manufactured through top-down, intentionally controlled processes. Can conscious efforts to achieve socially harmonious motivati...

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...on. Keywords: meditation, compassion, prosocial emotion, emotion regulation, implicit affect As a species whose survival depends on the ability to build mutually beneficial relationships with others (=-=Brewer, 2004-=-), human beings have a deep-seated need to feel connected, to be trusted and loved, and to trust and love in return (Baumeister & Leary, 1995). Feeling connected to others increases psychological and ...