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...s intentionally biased toward exploiting the geometric regularities (e.g. symmetry) that commonly occur in images through its set of standard functions (Stanley, 2007), it can represent any function (=-=Cybenko, 1989-=-), and therefore any image. In Picbreeder, three CPPN outputs represent colors in Hue, Saturation, Brightness (HSB) color space. The HSB color space was chosen over the more common Red, Green, Blue (R...

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... in turn render the images visible to the user. These research areas and technologies are described in this section. 2.1 Groupware Groupware, which enables computer supported cooperative work (CSCW) (=-=Grudin, 1994-=-a; Carstensen and Schmidt, 1999), coordinates users interacting across a network for a shared purpose. For example, Sourceforge (sou, 2008) hosts open source projects and allows software and documenta...

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...atch by branching the image, thereby continuing its evolution. Through the compounding effect of branching, and the ability of the underlying NeuroEvolution of Augmenting Topologies (NEAT) algorithm (=-=Stanley and Miikkulainen, 2002-=-b, 2004a) to increase the images’ complexity, users succeed in collaboratively searching the space of possible images. Picbreeder contributes a novel way to generate and maintain a large catalog of us...

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...e or she may have little knowledge or expertise. A prominent application of IEC is genetic art, in which evolution is driven by subjective appreciation for the evolved digital artifacts (Smith, 1991; =-=Sims, 1991-=-; Todd and Latham, 1992; Dawkins, 1989; Greenfield, 2000; McCormack, 1993; Lund et al., 1995; Baluja et al., 1994). Many genetic art programs follow the original Blind Watchmaker paradigm from Dawkins...

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... efficient through automating or augmenting the capabilities of designers is an important research focus (Goldschmidt and Porter, 2004; Shneiderman, 2007). Interactive Evolutionary Computation (IEC) (=-=Takagi, 2001-=-), i.e. artificial evolution guided through human direction, is such a tool that can potentially assist the design process. IEC applications generate an initial population of individuals, from which t...

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...te solutions. The process of complexification, i.e. incrementally adding new genes over generations, also occurs in some lineages in nature, leading to increasing phenotypic complexity (Martin, 1999; =-=Amores et al., 1998-=-; Carroll, 1995). By starting minimally and gradually complexifying over the course of evolution, NEAT was able to solve several difficult control problems (Aaltonen et al., 2009; Stanley et al., 2005...

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... in turn render the images visible to the user. These research areas and technologies are described in this section. 2.1 Groupware Groupware, which enables computer supported cooperative work (CSCW) (=-=Grudin, 1994-=-a; Carstensen and Schmidt, 1999), coordinates users interacting across a network for a shared purpose. For example, Sourceforge (sou, 2008) hosts open source projects and allows software and documenta...

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... several difficult control problems (Aaltonen et al., 2009; Stanley et al., 2005a,b; Taylor et al., 2006; Risi et al., 2009; Stanley and Miikkulainen, 2002a; Trujillo et al., 2008; Kohl et al., 2006; =-=Stanley and Miikkulainen, 2004-=-b,a, 2002b). It should be noted that IEC systems often rely on genetic programming and expression trees for image generation (Sims, 1993, 1997; Rooke, 2002; Machado and Cardoso, 2002; Unemi, 1999). Wh...

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...ed that a good encoding allows information in the genotype to be reused in producing the phenotype (Gruau et al., 1996; Hart et al., 1994). Encodings with this property are called indirect encodings (=-=Stanley and Miikkulainen, 2003-=-). Human DNA, for instance, functions through an indirect encoding, mapping only about 30,000 genes to a body with trillions of cells and 100 trillion neural connections (Zigmond et al., 1999). It tur...

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...004a, 2003; Angeline, 1995; Hart et al., 1994; Bongard and Pfeifer, 2001). It is now widely recognized that a good encoding allows information in the genotype to be reused in producing the phenotype (=-=Gruau et al., 1996-=-; Hart et al., 1994). Encodings with this property are called indirect encodings (Stanley and Miikkulainen, 2003). Human DNA, for instance, functions through an indirect encoding, mapping only about 3...

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...02; World, c○2010 by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Evolutionary Computation x(x): xxx-xxxJ. Secretan, et al. 1996; Hart, 2007; Unemi, 1999), music (Johanson and Poli, 1998; Nelson, 1993; =-=Biles, 1994-=-; Collins, 2002; Hoover and Stanley, 2009; Tokui and Iba, 2000), three dimensional models (Nishino et al., 2001; Husbands et al., 1996), movies (Unemi, 1999) particle systems (Hastings et al., 2007), ...

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... have little knowledge or expertise. A prominent application of IEC is genetic art, in which evolution is driven by subjective appreciation for the evolved digital artifacts (Smith, 1991; Sims, 1991; =-=Todd and Latham, 1992-=-; Dawkins, 1989; Greenfield, 2000; McCormack, 1993; Lund et al., 1995; Baluja et al., 1994). Many genetic art programs follow the original Blind Watchmaker paradigm from Dawkins (1986), in which simpl...

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...ularly in evolutionary computation, significant research in recent years has sought to clarify how complex structures can be encoded most efficiently for evolutionary search (Bentley and Kumar, 1999; =-=Hornby and Pollack, 2002-=-; Stanley and Miikkulainen, 2004a, 2003; Angeline, 1995; Hart et al., 1994; Bongard and Pfeifer, 2001). It is now widely recognized that a good encoding allows information in the genotype to be reused...

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...tional Pattern Producing Networks (CPPNs) A CPPN is a function of n Cartesian dimensions that outputs a pattern in n-dimensional space. For example, a two-input CPPN produces a two-dimensional image (=-=Stanley, 2007-=-). For each (x, y) coordinate in that space, its color is output by the CPPN that encodes the image. It is also possible to augment the (x, y) coordinate inputs with additional (non-orthogonal) inputs...

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...omplex structures can be encoded most efficiently for evolutionary search (Bentley and Kumar, 1999; Hornby and Pollack, 2002; Stanley and Miikkulainen, 2004a, 2003; Angeline, 1995; Hart et al., 1994; =-=Bongard and Pfeifer, 2001-=-). It is now widely recognized that a good encoding allows information in the genotype to be reused in producing the phenotype (Gruau et al., 1996; Hart et al., 1994). Encodings with this property are...

Citation Context

...or expertise. A prominent application of IEC is genetic art, in which evolution is driven by subjective appreciation for the evolved digital artifacts (Smith, 1991; Sims, 1991; Todd and Latham, 1992; =-=Dawkins, 1989-=-; Greenfield, 2000; McCormack, 1993; Lund et al., 1995; Baluja et al., 1994). Many genetic art programs follow the original Blind Watchmaker paradigm from Dawkins (1986), in which simple genetically-e...

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...ort on the part of experts. Thus, making the design process more efficient through automating or augmenting the capabilities of designers is an important research focus (Goldschmidt and Porter, 2004; =-=Shneiderman, 2007-=-). Interactive Evolutionary Computation (IEC) (Takagi, 2001), i.e. artificial evolution guided through human direction, is such a tool that can potentially assist the design process. IEC applications ...

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...e image textures and digital flame designs, respectively. IEC has been applied to a wide variety of other practical domains including industrial design (Husbands et al., 1996), police face sketching (=-=Caldwell and Johnston, 1991-=-), correcting speech distortion (Watanabe and Takagi, 1995), database retrieval (Lee and Cho, 1999), and several others (Takagi, 2001). While IEC is a powerful approach to helping users generate digit...

Citation Context

...cess of complexification, i.e. incrementally adding new genes over generations, also occurs in some lineages in nature, leading to increasing phenotypic complexity (Martin, 1999; Amores et al., 1998; =-=Carroll, 1995-=-). By starting minimally and gradually complexifying over the course of evolution, NEAT was able to solve several difficult control problems (Aaltonen et al., 2009; Stanley et al., 2005a,b; Taylor et ...

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... evolution is driven by subjective appreciation for the evolved digital artifacts (Smith, 1991; Sims, 1991; Todd and Latham, 1992; Dawkins, 1989; Greenfield, 2000; McCormack, 1993; Lund et al., 1995; =-=Baluja et al., 1994-=-). Many genetic art programs follow the original blind watchmaker paradigm fromDawkins (1986), inwhich simple genetically encodedpatterns are evolved through an interactive interface. Genetic art can ...

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...etermine whether an image is “attractive” or not, yet humans can easily perform such evaluations. IEC can thus generate a variety of digital artifacts including images (Sims, 1993, 1997; Rooke, 2002; =-=Machado and Cardoso, 2002-=-; World, c○2010 by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Evolutionary Computation x(x): xxx-xxxJ. Secretan, et al. 1996; Hart, 2007; Unemi, 1999), music (Johanson and Poli, 1998; Nelson, 1993; Bi...

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... the images visible to the user. These research areas and technologies are described in this section. 2.1 Groupware Groupware, which enables computer supported cooperative work (CSCW) (Grudin, 1994a; =-=Carstensen and Schmidt, 1999-=-), coordinates users interacting across a network for a shared purpose. For example, Sourceforge (sou, 2008) hosts open source projects and allows software and documentation to be written by loosely a...

Citation Context

...7; Rooke, 2002; Machado and Cardoso, 2002; World, c○2010 by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Evolutionary Computation x(x): xxx-xxxJ. Secretan, et al. 1996; Hart, 2007; Unemi, 1999), music (=-=Johanson and Poli, 1998-=-; Nelson, 1993; Biles, 1994; Collins, 2002; Hoover and Stanley, 2009; Tokui and Iba, 2000), three dimensional models (Nishino et al., 2001; Husbands et al., 1996), movies (Unemi, 1999) particle system...

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...chnology Evolutionary Computation x(x): xxx-xxxJ. Secretan, et al. 1996; Hart, 2007; Unemi, 1999), music (Johanson and Poli, 1998; Nelson, 1993; Biles, 1994; Collins, 2002; Hoover and Stanley, 2009; =-=Tokui and Iba, 2000-=-), three dimensional models (Nishino et al., 2001; Husbands et al., 1996), movies (Unemi, 1999) particle systems (Hastings et al., 2007), dancing avatars (Balogh et al., 2007), and collages (Unemi, 19...

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...ructure or appeal. Particularly in evolutionary computation, significant research in recent years has sought to clarify how complex structures can be encoded most efficiently for evolutionary search (=-=Bentley and Kumar, 1999-=-; Hornby and Pollack, 2002; Stanley and Miikkulainen, 2004a, 2003; Angeline, 1995; Hart et al., 1994; Bongard and Pfeifer, 2001). It is now widely recognized that a good encoding allows information in...

Citation Context

...roll, 1995). By starting minimally and gradually complexifying over the course of evolution, NEAT was able to solve several difficult control problems (Aaltonen et al., 2009; Stanley et al., 2005a,b; =-=Taylor et al., 2006-=-; Risi et al., 2009; Stanley and Miikkulainen, 2002a; Trujillo et al., 2008; Kohl et al., 2006; Stanley and Miikkulainen, 2004b,a, 2002b). It should be noted that IEC systems often rely on genetic pro...

Citation Context

...pace of complete solutions. The process of complexification, i.e. incrementally adding new genes over generations, also occurs in some lineages in nature, leading to increasing phenotypic complexity (=-=Martin, 1999-=-; Amores et al., 1998; Carroll, 1995). By starting minimally and gradually complexifying over the course of evolution, NEAT was able to solve several difficult control problems (Aaltonen et al., 2009;...

Citation Context

...t years has sought to clarify how complex structures can be encoded most efficiently for evolutionary search (Bentley and Kumar, 1999; Hornby and Pollack, 2002; Stanley and Miikkulainen, 2004a, 2003; =-=Angeline, 1995-=-; Hart et al., 1994; Bongard and Pfeifer, 2001). It is now widely recognized that a good encoding allows information in the genotype to be reused in producing the phenotype (Gruau et al., 1996; Hart e...

Citation Context

...n of future CIE systems. Keywords Interactive Evolutionary Computation, Collaborative Interactive Evolution 1 Introduction The process of design often requires significant skill and domain knowledge (=-=Graham, 2004-=-; Brown and Birmingham, 1997). A major challenge is that designs are in effect chosen from vast search spaces wherein the most appealing are difficult to find. If, for instance, da Vinci had chosen a ...

Citation Context

...ht to clarify how complex structures can be encoded most efficiently for evolutionary search (Bentley and Kumar, 1999; Hornby and Pollack, 2002; Stanley and Miikkulainen, 2004a, 2003; Angeline, 1995; =-=Hart et al., 1994-=-; Bongard and Pfeifer, 2001). It is now widely recognized that a good encoding allows information in the genotype to be reused in producing the phenotype (Gruau et al., 1996; Hart et al., 1994). Encod...

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...T was able to solve several difficult control problems (Aaltonen et al., 2009; Stanley et al., 2005a,b; Taylor et al., 2006; Risi et al., 2009; Stanley and Miikkulainen, 2002a; Trujillo et al., 2008; =-=Kohl et al., 2006-=-; Stanley and Miikkulainen, 2004b,a, 2002b). It should be noted that IEC systems often rely on genetic programming and expression trees for image generation (Sims, 1993, 1997; Rooke, 2002; Machado and...

Citation Context

...tion of IEC is genetic art, in which evolution is driven by subjective appreciation for the evolved digital artifacts (Smith, 1991; Sims, 1991; Todd and Latham, 1992; Dawkins, 1989; Greenfield, 2000; =-=McCormack, 1993-=-; Lund et al., 1995; Baluja et al., 1994). Many genetic art programs follow the original Blind Watchmaker paradigm from Dawkins (1986), in which simple genetically-encoded patterns are evolved through...

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...96; Hart, 2007; Unemi, 1999), music (Johanson and Poli, 1998; Nelson, 1993; Biles, 1994; Collins, 2002; Hoover and Stanley, 2009; Tokui and Iba, 2000), three dimensional models (Nishino et al., 2001; =-=Husbands et al., 1996-=-), movies (Unemi, 1999) particle systems (Hastings et al., 2007), dancing avatars (Balogh et al., 2007), and collages (Unemi, 1999), to name a few. The field of Collaborative Interactive Evolution (CI...

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...specific talents or expertise, thereby limiting participation. An early collaborative system based explicitly on branching was introduced by Jorda to help musicians collectively produce compositions (=-=Jorda, 1999-=-). In Jorda’s Faust system, users can branch from a previously saved song and edit it to create a variant that is then saved back into the revision tree. Faust produced a collection of appealing songs...

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...ing minimally and gradually complexifying over the course of evolution, NEAT was able to solve several difficult control problems (Aaltonen et al., 2009; Stanley et al., 2005a,b; Taylor et al., 2006; =-=Risi et al., 2009-=-; Stanley and Miikkulainen, 2002a; Trujillo et al., 2008; Kohl et al., 2006; Stanley and Miikkulainen, 2004b,a, 2002b). It should be noted that IEC systems often rely on genetic programming and expres...

Citation Context

...about which he or she may have little knowledge or expertise. A prominent application of IEC is genetic art, in which evolution is driven by subjective appreciation for the evolved digital artifacts (=-=Smith, 1991-=-; Sims, 1991; Todd and Latham, 1992; Dawkins, 1989; Greenfield, 2000; McCormack, 1993; Lund et al., 1995; Baluja et al., 1994). Many genetic art programs follow the original Blind Watchmaker paradigm ...

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...e original blind watchmaker paradigm fromDawkins (1986), inwhich simple genetically encodedpatterns are evolved through an interactive interface. Genetic art can encompass a variety of digital media (=-=Romero and Machado, 2007-=-), including images (Machado and Cardoso, 2002; World, 1996; Hart, 2007), movies (Unemi, 1999), three-dimensional models (Nishino et al., 2001), and music (Johanson and Poli, 1998; Nelson, 1993; Biles...

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...nd Cardoso, 2002; World, c○2010 by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Evolutionary Computation x(x): xxx-xxxJ. Secretan, et al. 1996; Hart, 2007; Unemi, 1999), music (Johanson and Poli, 1998; =-=Nelson, 1993-=-; Biles, 1994; Collins, 2002; Hoover and Stanley, 2009; Tokui and Iba, 2000), three dimensional models (Nishino et al., 2001; Husbands et al., 1996), movies (Unemi, 1999) particle systems (Hastings et...

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...l three-dimensional creatures with a similar interface. While these exhibits were innovative, the museum environment does not encourage users to frequently return to the installation. Electric Sheep (=-=Draves, 2005-=-), a distributed Internet application inspired by Sims’ work, enables users to evolve images over a longer time period than is possible with a museum installation. The application 4 Evolutionary Compu...

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...lve a special kind of network that represents images. These evolved networks are called compositional pattern producing networks (CPPNs) because they produce patterns in space by composing functions (=-=Stanley, 2006-=-, 2007). The next section explains how CPPNs represent arbitrary images. 2.6 Compositional Pattern Producing Networks (CPPNs) A CPPN is a function of n Cartesian dimensions that outputs a pattern in n...

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... Amores et al., 1998; Carroll, 1995). By starting minimally and gradually complexifying over the course of evolution, NEAT was able to solve several difficult control problems (Aaltonen et al., 2009; =-=Stanley et al., 2005-=-a,b; Taylor et al., 2006; Risi et al., 2009; Stanley and Miikkulainen, 2002a; Trujillo et al., 2008; Kohl et al., 2006; Stanley and Miikkulainen, 2004b,a, 2002b). It should be noted that IEC systems o...

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...J. Secretan, et al. 1996; Hart, 2007; Unemi, 1999), music (Johanson and Poli, 1998; Nelson, 1993; Biles, 1994; Collins, 2002; Hoover and Stanley, 2009; Tokui and Iba, 2000), three dimensional models (=-=Nishino et al., 2001-=-; Husbands et al., 1996), movies (Unemi, 1999) particle systems (Hastings et al., 2007), dancing avatars (Balogh et al., 2007), and collages (Unemi, 1999), to name a few. The field of Collaborative In...

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...sachusetts Institute of Technology Evolutionary Computation x(x): xxx-xxxJ. Secretan, et al. 1996; Hart, 2007; Unemi, 1999), music (Johanson and Poli, 1998; Nelson, 1993; Biles, 1994; Collins, 2002; =-=Hoover and Stanley, 2009-=-; Tokui and Iba, 2000), three dimensional models (Nishino et al., 2001; Husbands et al., 1996), movies (Unemi, 1999) particle systems (Hastings et al., 2007), dancing avatars (Balogh et al., 2007), an...

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...ages (Sims, 1993, 1997; Rooke, 2002; Machado and Cardoso, 2002; World, c○2010 by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Evolutionary Computation x(x): xxx-xxxJ. Secretan, et al. 1996; Hart, 2007; =-=Unemi, 1999-=-), music (Johanson and Poli, 1998; Nelson, 1993; Biles, 1994; Collins, 2002; Hoover and Stanley, 2009; Tokui and Iba, 2000), three dimensional models (Nishino et al., 2001; Husbands et al., 1996), mov...

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...breeder could realistically evolve patterns that could be painted onto any of the aforementioned objects. As the popularity of personal rapid prototyping machines increases (Lipson and Pollack, 2000; =-=Malone and Lipson, 2007-=-), Picbreeder-like systems may evolve threedimensional objects that can be downloaded and automatically built. The potential for such commercial applications is an important real-world incentive for t...

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...E systems. Keywords Interactive Evolutionary Computation, Collaborative Interactive Evolution 1 Introduction The process of design often requires significant skill and domain knowledge (Graham, 2004; =-=Brown and Birmingham, 1997-=-). A major challenge is that designs are in effect chosen from vast search spaces wherein the most appealing are difficult to find. If, for instance, da Vinci had chosen a design for the Mona Lisa tha...

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...including images (Sims, 1993, 1997; Rooke, 2002; Machado and Cardoso, 2002; World, c○2010 by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Evolutionary Computation x(x): xxx-xxxJ. Secretan, et al. 1996; =-=Hart, 2007-=-; Unemi, 1999), music (Johanson and Poli, 1998; Nelson, 1993; Biles, 1994; Collins, 2002; Hoover and Stanley, 2009; Tokui and Iba, 2000), three dimensional models (Nishino et al., 2001; Husbands et al...

Citation Context

...enetically-encoded patterns are evolved through an interactive interface. Genetic art can encompass a variety of digital media (Romero and Machado, 2007), including images (Machado and Cardoso, 2002; =-=World, 1996-=-; Hart, 2007), movies (Unemi, 1999), three dimensional models (Nishino et al., 2001), and music (Johanson and Poli, 1998; Nelson, 1993; Biles, 1994; Collins, 2002; Hoover and Stanley, 2009; Tokui and ...

Citation Context

...space requires significant effort on the part of experts. Thus, making the design process more efficient through automating or augmenting the capabilities of designers is an important research focus (=-=Goldschmidt and Porter, 2004-=-; Shneiderman, 2007). Interactive Evolutionary Computation (IEC) (Takagi, 2001), i.e. artificial evolution guided through human direction, is such a tool that can potentially assist the design process...

Citation Context

...elson, 1993; Biles, 1994; Collins, 2002; Hoover and Stanley, 2009; Tokui and Iba, 2000), three dimensional models (Nishino et al., 2001; Husbands et al., 1996), movies (Unemi, 1999) particle systems (=-=Hastings et al., 2007-=-), dancing avatars (Balogh et al., 2007), and collages (Unemi, 1999), to name a few. The field of Collaborative Interactive Evolution (CIE) attempts to improve IEC by involving multiple users in the e...

Citation Context

...C has been applied to a wide variety of other practical domains including industrial design (Husbands et al., 1996), police face sketching (Caldwell and Johnston, 1991), correcting speech distortion (=-=Watanabe and Takagi, 1995-=-), database retrieval (Lee and Cho, 1999), and several others (Takagi, 2001). While IEC is a powerful approach to helping users generate digital artifacts, results are often limited by human fatigue (...

Citation Context

...2010 by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Evolutionary Computation x(x): xxx-xxxJ. Secretan, et al. 1996; Hart, 2007; Unemi, 1999), music (Johanson and Poli, 1998; Nelson, 1993; Biles, 1994; =-=Collins, 2002-=-; Hoover and Stanley, 2009; Tokui and Iba, 2000), three dimensional models (Nishino et al., 2001; Husbands et al., 1996), movies (Unemi, 1999) particle systems (Hastings et al., 2007), dancing avatars...

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...), and collages (Unemi, 1999), to name a few. The field of Collaborative Interactive Evolution (CIE) attempts to improve IEC by involving multiple users in the evolutionary process (Sims, 1993, 1997; =-=Langdon, 2005-=-; liv, 2007). The hope is to increase the variety and quality of solutions that can be evolved. Yet effectively combining the opinions of multiple users is nontrivial because their preferences and goa...

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... normal IEC process lasts 10–20 generations for a single user. However, the problem is that it may take more generations to produce notable results. 2.3 Collaborative Interactive Evolution (CIE) CIE (=-=Szumlanski et al., 2006-=-) systems involve multiple users in one IEC application, hoping to create products with broader appeal and greater significance. CIE systems can be physical installations or online services; each has ...

Citation Context

... prominent application of IEC is genetic art, in which evolution is driven by subjective appreciation for the evolved digital artifacts (Smith, 1991; Sims, 1991; Todd and Latham, 1992; Dawkins, 1989; =-=Greenfield, 2000-=-; McCormack, 1993; Lund et al., 1995; Baluja et al., 1994). Many genetic art programs follow the original blind watchmaker paradigm fromDawkins (1986), inwhich simple genetically encodedpatterns are e...

Citation Context

... prominent application of IEC is genetic art, in which evolution is driven by subjective appreciation for the evolved digital artifacts (Smith, 1991; Sims, 1991; Todd and Latham, 1992; Dawkins, 1989; =-=Greenfield, 2000-=-; McCormack, 1993; Lund et al., 1995; Baluja et al., 1994). Many genetic art programs follow the original Blind Watchmaker paradigm from Dawkins (1986), in which simple genetically-encoded patterns ar...

Citation Context

...netic art, in which evolution is driven by subjective appreciation for the evolved digital artifacts (Smith, 1991; Sims, 1991; Todd and Latham, 1992; Dawkins, 1989; Greenfield, 2000; McCormack, 1993; =-=Lund et al., 1995-=-; Baluja et al., 1994). Many genetic art programs follow the original Blind Watchmaker paradigm from Dawkins (1986), in which simple genetically-encoded patterns are evolved through an interactive int...

Citation Context

...Hoover and Stanley, 2009; Tokui and Iba, 2000), three dimensional models (Nishino et al., 2001; Husbands et al., 1996), movies (Unemi, 1999) particle systems (Hastings et al., 2007), dancing avatars (=-=Balogh et al., 2007-=-), and collages (Unemi, 1999), to name a few. The field of Collaborative Interactive Evolution (CIE) attempts to improve IEC by involving multiple users in the evolutionary process (Sims, 1993, 1997; ...

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...s are still appreciated (e.g. the 24 Evolutionary Computation Volume x, Number xPicbreeder: Collaborative Evolutionary Exploration Mona Lisa) as much or more than further “evolved” contemporary art (=-=Mohen et al., 2006-=-). Audiences thus may appreciate the classics while at the same time look for new and challenging artistic directions. A significant challenge that Picbreeder faced early is that visitors spent too li...

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... evolution is driven by subjective appreciation for the evolved digital artifacts (Smith, 1991; Sims, 1991; Todd and Latham, 1992; Dawkins, 1989; Greenfield, 2000; McCormack, 1993; Lund et al., 1995; =-=Baluja et al., 1994-=-). Many genetic art programs follow the original Blind Watchmaker paradigm from Dawkins (1986), in which simple genetically-encoded patterns are evolved through an interactive interface. Genetic art c...

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...r Picbreeder. 2.5 NEAT-Based Genetic Art Independent researchers have released several NEAT-based genetic art programs, beginning with Mattias Fagerlund’s DelphiNEAT-based Genetic Art (DNGA) in 2003 (=-=Fagerlund, 2006-=-, 2005). DNGA was followed by Holger Ferstl’s SharpNEAT-based 378 Evolutionary Computation Volume 19, Number 3 Picbreeder: Collaborative Evolutionary Exploration Genetic Art (SNGA) in 2006 (Ferstl, 20...

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...ercoming user fatigue. In existing single-user IEC applications and CIE services, most users succumb to fatigue before generating significant products (e.g. as in Hammond 2007; liv 2007; Ferstl 2006; =-=Fagerlund 2005-=-). 3. Proliferating content. Some CIE systems do not encourage a proliferation of content, but instead concentrate the efforts of many users on single decisions (liv, 2007). 4. Collaborating without d...

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... art programs, beginning with Mattias Fagerlund’s DelphiNEAT-based Genetic Art (DNGA) in 2003 (Fagerlund, 2006, 2005). DNGA was followed by Holger Ferstl’s SharpNEAT-based Genetic Art (SNGA) in 2006 (=-=Ferstl, 2006-=-). While realistic-looking objects have been evolved with these applications (see Stanley (2007) for examples), they still can require a considerable number of generations to do so, and therefore can ...

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...actical domains including industrial design (Husbands et al., 1996), police face sketching (Caldwell and Johnston, 1991), correcting speech distortion (Watanabe and Takagi, 1995), database retrieval (=-=Lee and Cho, 1999-=-), and several others (Takagi, 2001). While IEC is a powerful approach to helping users generate digital artifacts, results are often limited by human fatigue (Takagi, 2001). According to Takagi (Taka...

Citation Context

...struggle to determine whether an image is “attractive” or not, yet humans can easily perform such evaluations. IEC can thus generate a variety of digital artifacts including images (Sims, 1993, 1997; =-=Rooke, 2002-=-; Machado and Cardoso, 2002; World, c○2010 by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Evolutionary Computation x(x): xxx-xxxJ. Secretan, et al. 1996; Hart, 2007; Unemi, 1999), music (Johanson and P...

Citation Context

... algorithms would struggle to determine whether an image is “attractive” or not, yet humans can easily perform such evaluations. IEC can thus generate a variety of digital artifacts including images (=-=Sims, 1993-=-, 1997; Rooke, 2002; Machado and Cardoso, 2002; World, c○2010 by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Evolutionary Computation x(x): xxx-xxxJ. Secretan, et al. 1996; Hart, 2007; Unemi, 1999), mu...

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...te the contributions of the individual user. It is possible for users to cancel out each others’ contributions by pulling in opposite artistic directions. Furthermore, in most CIE systems (liv, 2007; =-=Sims, 1997-=-, 1993; Szumlanski et al., 2006), it is difficult to determine what contributions each user made to the evolution of a particular image. If users are not recognized for their contributions, they may l...

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...s, fractals, and blurs) into their basic function sets, GP-based methods can accelerate the search for appealing images by biasing the search space. Future Picbreeder-like systems may employ GP (e.g. =-=Teller 1999-=-), expression trees and complex base functions as well. However, while some IEC systems may achieve abstract beauty, many Picbreeder pictures do still achieve the unusual distinction in IEC of resembl...

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... systems. Keywords Interactive evolutionary computation, collaborative interactive evolution. 1 Introduction The process of design often requires significant skill and domain knowledge (Graham, 2004; =-=Brown and Birmingham, 1997-=-). A major challenge is that designs are in effect chosen from vast search spaces wherein the most appealing are difficult to find. If, for instance, daVinci had chosen a design for theMonaLisa that l...

Citation Context

... artifacts including images (Sims, 1993, 1997; Rooke, 2002; Machado and Cardoso, 2002; World, 1996; Hart, 2007; Unemi, 1999), music (Johanson and Poli, 1998; Nelson, 1993; Biles, 1994; Collins, 2002; =-=Hoover and Stanley, 2009-=-; Tokui and Iba, 2000), three dimensional models (Nishino et al., 2001; Husbands et al., 1996), movies (Unemi, 1999), particle systems (Hastings et al., 2007), dancing avatars (Balogh et al., 2007), a...

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...nes. In the near term, Picbreeder could realistically evolve patterns that could be painted onto any of the aforementioned objects. As the popularity of personal rapid prototyping machines increases (=-=Lipson and Pollack, 2000-=-; Malone and Lipson, 2007), Picbreeder-like systems may evolve threedimensional objects that can be downloaded and automatically built. The potential for 398 Evolutionary Computation Volume 19, Number...

Citation Context

...netic art, in which evolution is driven by subjective appreciation for the evolved digital artifacts (Smith, 1991; Sims, 1991; Todd and Latham, 1992; Dawkins, 1989; Greenfield, 2000; McCormack, 1993; =-=Lund et al., 1995-=-; Baluja et al., 1994). Many genetic art programs follow the original blind watchmaker paradigm fromDawkins (1986), inwhich simple genetically encodedpatterns are evolved through an interactive interf...