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..., extension, and elaboration, as shown in Figure 1. Model Introduction Period After introducing information systems into organizations, user technology acceptance received fairly extensive attention [=-=Rogers, 1983-=-; Kwon and Zmud, 1987; Swanson, 1988]. Researchers and practitioners expended substantial research effort determining what factors affect users’ beliefs and attitudes on the IS acceptance decision, an...

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...rs wanted to confirm that TAM truly uses an accurate measurement of the user’s acceptance behavior under different technologies, situations, and tasks. Adams et al. [1992] replicated and extended the =-=Davis 1989-=- study and found both validity and reliability of measurement for both PU and PEOU across different settings and different information systems. Hendrickson et al. [1993, 1996] examined the test-retest...

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...ceptance Model (TAM) is considered the most influential and commonly employed theory for describing an individual’s acceptance of information systems. TAM, adapted from the Theory of Reasoned Action [=-=Ajzen and Fishbein, 1980-=-] and originally proposed by Davis [1986], assumes that an individual’s information systems acceptance is determined by two major variables: • • Perceived Usefulness (PU) and Perceived Ease of Use (PE...

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...general, capable of explaining user behavior across a broad range of end-user computing technologies and user populations, while at the same time being both parsimonious and theoretically justified” [=-=Davis et al. 1989-=-, p. 985]. After the introduction, researchers in this period performed several TAM studies mainly focused on two streams. • • The first attempted to replicate TAM with other technologies, longitudina...

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...iod Similar to researchers who insisted that most IS instruments are in the early stage of development and thus require a rigorous validation of their measurement instruments [Jarvenpaa et al., 1985; =-=Moore and Benbasat, 1991-=-; Straub, 1989], researchers in the model validation period initiated validation studies of TAM’s original instruments. Supported by Bejar’s [1980] suggestion noting that robust instruments greatly en...

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...sure brought by them. Finally, PEOU was found as a significant antecedent of PU, rather than a parallel, direct determinant of acceptance, and thus it can affect indirectly the acceptance through PU [=-=Davis et al., 1992-=-]. As shown in Table 2, 69 studies showed a significant relationship between PEOU and PU. External Variables A number of external variables were introduced into TAM as suggested by Davis [1989]. Figur...

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...ernative to determine richer information with a small number of subjects. IS researchers also recommended triangulation methods to uncover richer results than can be found using only a single method [=-=Karahanna et al., 1999-=-; Lee, 1991]. Investigation of Actual Usage and the Relationships Between Actual Usage and Objective Outcome Measures. The investigation of actual usage and the relationships between actual usage and ...

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...ive outcome measures was another suggestion. Self-reported usage is widely used assuming that it is a reasonable predictor of actual system usage [e.g. Agarwal and Prasad, 1999; Jackson et al., 1997; =-=Sheppard et al., 1988-=-]. However, the risk of distorted research findings by using self-reported usage instead of actual objective usage was cautioned by several studies [Lederer et al., 2000; Karahanna and Straub, 1997; R...

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... Article 50) 752-780 767 studies investigated the effects of different environments and individual differences (e.g. cultural difference [Chau, 1996; Hu et al., 1999; Straub et al., 1997] and gender [=-=Gefen and Straub, 1997-=-]), but more efforts to examine the broader environmental factors including emotion, habit, personality difference, technology change, even going beyond individual acceptance to organizational and soc...

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...ts with that of actual usage. Self-reported usage was also found to be the major reason for common method bias [Igbaria et al., 1997], and derives its socially desirable answers from the halo effect [=-=Orne, 1979-=-]. The problem was negatively interpreted by cognitive dissonance theory [Festinger, 1957] and self-perception theory [Bem, 1967]. While it is difficult to measure actual usage under diverse restricti...

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...997], and derives its socially desirable answers from the halo effect [Orne, 1979]. The problem was negatively interpreted by cognitive dissonance theory [Festinger, 1957] and self-perception theory [=-=Bem, 1967-=-]. While it is difficult to measure actual usage under diverse restrictions such as privacy consideration, research should continue to pursue measuring actual usage. The investigation of The Technolog...

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...s and IT adoption and the incorporation of new socially influential factors. For example, social identity and norms as new social factors in social psychology fields are candidates for investigation [=-=Corner and Armitage, 1998-=-]. One of the major problems of TAM studies was that TAM was applied to tasks that were too broad. Previous studies were mainly performed by assigning a single task to a single IS. However, many studi...

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...cher information with a small number of subjects. IS researchers also recommended triangulation methods to uncover richer results than can be found using only a single method [Karahanna et al., 1999; =-=Lee, 1991-=-]. Investigation of Actual Usage and the Relationships Between Actual Usage and Objective Outcome Measures. The investigation of actual usage and the relationships between actual usage and objective o...

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... noting that “no absolute measures for those constructs exist across varying technological and organizational context…. Measurement models must be rigorously assessed and, if necessary, respecified” [=-=Segars and Grover 1993-=-, p. 525]. Model Extension Period After validation efforts confirmed the saliency of the measurement instruments, prolific expansion efforts began to introduce new variables postulating diversified re...

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... who insisted that most IS instruments are in the early stage of development and thus require a rigorous validation of their measurement instruments [Jarvenpaa et al., 1985; Moore and Benbasat, 1991; =-=Straub, 1989-=-], researchers in the model validation period initiated validation studies of TAM’s original instruments. Supported by Bejar’s [1980] suggestion noting that robust instruments greatly enhance the valu...

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.... Figure 2 and Table 3 show the most frequently referred external variables that affect PU, PEOU, BI, or B, and their relationships. The most frequently introduced variables are system quality [e.g., =-=Igbaria et al., 1995-=-b], training [e.g., Igbaria et al., 1995a], compatibility, computer anxiety, self-efficacy, enjoyment, computing support, and experience [e.g., Chau, 1996]. RELEV + DEMON + * IMG + x COMPL* + * SN/SI/...

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...variables are system quality [e.g., Igbaria et al., 1995b], training [e.g., Igbaria et al., 1995a], compatibility, computer anxiety, self-efficacy, enjoyment, computing support, and experience [e.g., =-=Chau, 1996-=-]. RELEV + DEMON + * IMG + x COMPL* + * SN/SI/SP * + * * VOL * INNOV + MGT SUP / EXP + + + + SOC PRES + ATT + * PU ANXIE* ACC USABIL x x * + * * TRIAL PEOU + + PLAYF * VISIB + + + ENJOY/ QUALI x x x F...

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...ctual usage and objective outcome measures was another suggestion. Self-reported usage is widely used assuming that it is a reasonable predictor of actual system usage [e.g. Agarwal and Prasad, 1999; =-=Jackson et al., 1997-=-; Sheppard et al., 1988]. However, the risk of distorted research findings by using self-reported usage instead of actual objective usage was cautioned by several studies [Lederer et al., 2000; Karaha...

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.... Figure 2 and Table 3 show the most frequently referred external variables that affect PU, PEOU, BI, or B, and their relationships. The most frequently introduced variables are system quality [e.g., =-=Igbaria et al., 1995-=-b], training [e.g., Igbaria et al., 1995a], compatibility, computer anxiety, self-efficacy, enjoyment, computing support, and experience [e.g., Chau, 1996]. RELEV + DEMON + * IMG + x COMPL* + * SN/SI/...

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...gy change, even going beyond individual acceptance to organizational and societal acceptance [Taylor and Todd, 1995] are necessary. Further, mandatory settings need further study [Davis et al., 1992; =-=Davis, 1993-=-; Taylor and Todd, 1995b; Venkatesh, 2000]. Social influence plays a crucial role in human behavior and decision making [Azjen, 1991; Barki and Hartwick, 1994; Taylor and Todd, 1995b]. While TAM studi...

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...o major variables: • • Perceived Usefulness (PU) and Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU). During the past eighteen years, the information systems community considered TAM a parsimonious and powerful theory [=-=Lucas and Spitler, 1999-=-; Venkatesh and Davis, 2000]. Further supporting the notion of TAM’s popularity, Venkatesh and Davis [2000] found that the first two The Technology Acceptance Model: Past, Present, and Future by Y. Le...

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... the study of research using the theory. Despite its great success, however, few previous systematic efforts trace its history or investigate and evaluate its findings, limitations, and future [e.g., =-=Doll et al., 1998-=-; Gefen and Straub, 2000; Legris et al., 2003]. Evaluation is crucial for the IS community in that it helps researchers of IS adoption understand TAM’s past research findings, identify possible resear...

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...l Cognitive Theory, Diffusion of Innovation Theory, the Theory of Reasoned Action/Theory of Planned Behavior, the Triandis Model, Human Computer Interaction research, the Technology Transition Model [=-=Briggs et al., 1999-=-], and Social Network Theory [Robertson, 1989] are representative examples. Integration efforts are required to obtain a better understanding of IT adoption [Hu et al., 1999]. Examples of such efforts...

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...alidity of interpretations [Cook, 1991], and include studies taking place over a long period of time and with a large scope [Mahmood et al., 2001]. Meta-analysis is successfully applied in IS. [e.g., =-=Dennis and Gallupe, 1993-=-; Farhoomand and Drury, 1999]. This study includes TAM research conducted from 1986 to June, 2003. An exhaustive electronic search using Social Science Citation Index, ABI/INFORM, and Business Source ...

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...variables are system quality [e.g., Igbaria et al., 1995b], training [e.g., Igbaria et al., 1995a], compatibility, computer anxiety, self-efficacy, enjoyment, computing support, and experience [e.g., =-=Chau, 1996-=-]. RELEV + DEMON + * IMG + x COMPL* + * SN/SI/SP * + * * VOL * INNOV + MGT SUP / EXP + + + + SOC PRES + ATT + * PU ANXIE* ACC USABIL x x * + * * TRIAL PEOU + + PLAYF * VISIB + + + ENJOY/ QUALI x x x F...

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...hers and practitioners expended substantial research effort determining what factors affect users’ beliefs and attitudes on the IS acceptance decision, and what factors contribute to user resistance [=-=Lucas et al., 1990-=-]. As an output from those streams of research, TAM evolved from Ajzen and Fishbein’s [1980] Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) to “provide an explanation of the determinants of computer acceptance that ...

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...atory settings need further study [Davis et al., 1992; Davis, 1993; Taylor and Todd, 1995b; Venkatesh, 2000]. Social influence plays a crucial role in human behavior and decision making [Azjen, 1991; =-=Barki and Hartwick, 1994-=-; Taylor and Todd, 1995b]. While TAM studies attempted to investigate the effect of social influence on the technology acceptance decision, results were mixed. Davis [1989], Barki and Hartwick [1994],...

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... [Cook, 1991], and include studies taking place over a long period of time and with a large scope [Mahmood et al., 2001]. Meta-analysis is successfully applied in IS. [e.g., Dennis and Gallupe, 1993; =-=Farhoomand and Drury, 1999-=-]. This study includes TAM research conducted from 1986 to June, 2003. An exhaustive electronic search using Social Science Citation Index, ABI/INFORM, and Business Source Premier resulted in 101 pape...

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...HODS Both a meta-analysis of previous TAM literature and a survey were conducted. Meta-analysis is a research technique that uses statistical procedures to combine the results of independent studies [=-=Glass, 1981-=-; Hwang, 1996; Mahmood et al., 2001]. This analytical method is appropriate for the research goals of tracing the history of TAM studies and for investigating previous findings in a systematic manner....

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...re TAM studies need to specify tasks more granularly. Finally, as shown in Table 8, TAM studies mainly focused on cross-sectional studies which may not find causal linkage between research variables [=-=Doll and Ahmed, 1983-=-; Igbaria et al., 1996; 1997]. Doll and Ahmed [1983] stressed the importance of longitudinal study, indicating that users’ expectations might change as they become more familiar with IS technology, an...

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...eta-analysis of previous TAM literature and a survey were conducted. Meta-analysis is a research technique that uses statistical procedures to combine the results of independent studies [Glass, 1981; =-=Hwang, 1996-=-; Mahmood et al., 2001]. This analytical method is appropriate for the research goals of tracing the history of TAM studies and for investigating previous findings in a systematic manner. Using this m...

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... specify tasks more granularly. Finally, as shown in Table 8, TAM studies mainly focused on cross-sectional studies which may not find causal linkage between research variables [Doll and Ahmed, 1983; =-=Igbaria et al., 1996-=-; 1997]. Doll and Ahmed [1983] stressed the importance of longitudinal study, indicating that users’ expectations might change as they become more familiar with IS technology, and what was once accept...

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...g previous findings in a systematic manner. Using this methodology, previous studies can be effectively and quantitatively analyzed and the inconsistencies among their findings resolved [Hwang, 1996; =-=Hwang and Wu, 1990-=-]. In addition, meta-analysis can enhance the general validity of interpretations [Cook, 1991], and include studies taking place over a long period of time and with a large scope [Mahmood et al., 2001...

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...ly and quantitatively analyzed and the inconsistencies among their findings resolved [Hwang, 1996; Hwang and Wu, 1990]. In addition, meta-analysis can enhance the general validity of interpretations [=-=Cook, 1991-=-], and include studies taking place over a long period of time and with a large scope [Mahmood et al., 2001]. Meta-analysis is successfully applied in IS. [e.g., Dennis and Gallupe, 1993; Farhoomand a...

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...Research (ISR), Journal of Management Information Systems (JMIS), Management Science (MS), and MIS Quarterly, rated as leading journals in IS and reflecting the major research stream of the IS field [=-=Barki et al., 1993-=-; Cheon et al., 1993; Claver et al., 2000; Farhoomand and Drury, 1999). In addition, papers published at two Information Systems conferences, namely the International Conference on Information Systems...

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...ure study. Some studies attempted to include social influence into TAM and to start finding the boundary conditions that affect the significance of social influence [e.g. Karahanna and Limayem, 2000; =-=Lee et al., 2001-=-; Venkatesh and Morris, 2000; Venkatesh and Davis, 2000]. Barki and Hartwick [1994] found that subjective norm is more important in the early stage of system development. Taylor and Todd [1995] found ...