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...been traversed previously (in a given set of paths under construction) and a set of linearly independent paths together ensures that each edge in the graph has been included in at least one test case =-=[27]-=-.190 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING, VOL. 31, NO. 3, MARCH 2005 Fig. 2. Simplified model for an e-commerce application. 3.1.1 WB-1: Complete Test Requirements with Ad Hoc Selection of Inpu...

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... is sent to the browser. Otherwise, BookDetail is sent again (e3). To generate test requirements and cases, a path expression to match the graph is generated following a procedure suggested by Beizer =-=[2]-=-. The path expression corresponding to the example in Fig. 2 is ðe1e3 þ e4e5Þ ðe1e2 þ e1e3 þ e4e5Þ; where “ ” indicates zero or more occurrences of the immediately preceding edge(s) and “þ” indicates ...

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...of this approach, we applied it to the user session data gathered in our study. We considered two reduction mechanisms. The first mechanism adapts the test suite reduction technique of Harrold et al. =-=[12]-=- and applies it offline to the test cases generated by US-1. The basic idea behind this technique is to attempt to select (heuristically) the smallest possible subset of the test suite that maintains ...

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...ate approach for input value selection. In contrast to WB-1, WB-2 uses boundary values as inputs, and utilizes a strategy for combining inputs inspired by the “each condition/all conditions” strategy =-=[4]-=-. The test suite that results consists of a set of test cases in which for each form, each input variable is considered in isolation (all the other variables are set to the empty string), plus one tes...

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...rk. 2 BACKGROUND AND RELATED WORK 2.1 Web Applications A Web application can be differentiated from a Web site based on the “ability of a user to affect the state of the business logic on the server” =-=[7]-=-. In other words, requests made to a Web application go beyond navigational requests, including some form of data that needs further decomposition and analysis to be served. Fig. 1 shows how a simple ...

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...ults. Faults were not available with our subject application; thus, to obtain them, we followed a fault seeding procedure similar to one defined and employed in previous studies of testing techniques =-=[10]-=-, [14], [39]. We recruited two graduate students of computer science, each with at least two years of programming experience, and instructed them to insert faults that were as realistic as possible ba...

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...l to: tse@computer.org, and reference IEEECS Log Number TSE-0194-1103. Recently, a few more formal approaches for testing the functional requirements of Web applications have been proposed [8], [20], =-=[30]-=-. In essence, these are “white-box” testing approaches, building system models from inspection of code and identifying test requirements from those models. Early studies have shown that these approach...

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...st suite maintenance problem is caused by somewhat “equivalent” user sessions leading to redundant test cases, and ultimately, to test suites whose execution is not cost-effective. The oracle problem =-=[37]-=- appears when a tester needs to determine what the expected output is in response to a request, and to effectively compare results to expected results. One approach that may help reduce the costs of m...

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... were not available with our subject application; thus, to obtain them, we followed a fault seeding procedure similar to one defined and employed in previous studies of testing techniques [10], [14], =-=[39]-=-. We recruited two graduate students of computer science, each with at least two years of programming experience, and instructed them to insert faults that were as realistic as possible based on their...

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...ssion data to generate test cases is related to the notion of partitioning the input domain of an application under test in the hopes of being able to effectively sample from the resulting partitions =-=[38]-=-. In this context, the potential usefulness of user-session-based testing techniques, like the potential usefulness of white-box testing techniques, need not rest solely on being able to exactly repro...

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...t had similar coverage patterns, using a hierarchical agglomerative approach and euclidian distance as our measure of similarity (following a procedure similar to the one employed by Dickinson et al. =-=[9]-=-). A reduced test suite was then generated by randomly selecting one test case from each cluster. As expected, a smaller number of clusters provided greater test reduction at a cost of fault detection...

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...lications. First, Web application usage can change rapidly. For example, a Web site can be caught by a search engine and suddenly receive hundreds of thousands of hits per day rather than just dozens =-=[22]-=-. In such cases, test suites designed with particular usage profiles in mind may be inappropriate. Second, Web applications typically undergo maintenance at a faster rate than other systems; this main...

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...tice, this example shows that there are multiple and varied technical components behind the Web server. It is also important to note that scripts such as those just referred to are changed frequently =-=[3]-=-, and the technologies supporting them change often, as evident in the frequent appearance of new standards for Web protocols for data exchange and processing (e.g., XML, XSL, SOAP, and CCS [19]). 2.2...

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...esses can share machine, application, client, and even session data. A wide variety of approaches for testing traditional, nondeterministic software systems have been proposed (e.g., [5], [17], [32], =-=[33]-=-, [36], [40]). A fundamental notion behind this work is that two overall classes of testing approaches are possible: those that sample over nondeterministic runs and those that attempt to create speci...

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... e-mail to: tse@computer.org, and reference IEEECS Log Number TSE-0194-1103. Recently, a few more formal approaches for testing the functional requirements of Web applications have been proposed [8], =-=[20]-=-, [30]. In essence, these are “white-box” testing approaches, building system models from inspection of code and identifying test requirements from those models. Early studies have shown that these ap...

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...take snapshots of the state values (or a subset of those values) that potentially affect Web application response. (This approach is similar to an approach suggested for testing database applications =-=[6]-=-, an area of research that has close ties to the issues involved in testing Web application state.) Associating such snapshots with specific requests or sequences of requests increases the likelihood ...

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...r usage profiles in mind may be inappropriate. Second, Web applications typically undergo maintenance at a faster rate than other systems; this maintenance often consists of small incremental changes =-=[16]-=-. To accommodate such changes cost-effectively, testing approaches should be automatable and test suites should be adaptable. Finally, Web applications typically involve complex, multitiered, heteroge...

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...ed inputs [3], [26]. A prototype framework integrating these features is presented in [35]. Also, Lee and Offut present an approach for testing the data exchange process in Web applications using XML =-=[18]-=-. Recently, three more formal techniques have been proposed to facilitate testing of functional requirements in Web applications. These techniques employ forms of model-based testing, but can be class...

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...hniques—the effects of 2. For a comprehensive list of tools, see http://www.softwareqatest. com/qatWeb1.html, and for a discussion of Web application testing problems from an industry perspective see =-=[13]-=-, [29]. application state and nondeterministic execution, and the management of an ever growing test suite—and presents empirical results obtained through studying some approaches for addressing these...

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...tor—a Web site address), the server may just fetch a static Web page. Other requests are more complicated and require additional infrastructure which leads to more complex classes of Web applications =-=[34]-=-. For example, in an e-commerce site, a request might include both a URL and data provided by the user. Users provide data primarily through forms consisting of input fields (textboxes, checkboxes, se...

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...ypes of processes can share machine, application, client, and even session data. A wide variety of approaches for testing traditional, nondeterministic software systems have been proposed (e.g., [5], =-=[17]-=-, [32], [33], [36], [40]). A fundamental notion behind this work is that two overall classes of testing approaches are possible: those that sample over nondeterministic runs and those that attempt to ...

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...are machine, application, client, and even session data. A wide variety of approaches for testing traditional, nondeterministic software systems have been proposed (e.g., [5], [17], [32], [33], [36], =-=[40]-=-). A fundamental notion behind this work is that two overall classes of testing approaches are possible: those that sample over nondeterministic runs and those that attempt to create specific determin...

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...functional testing tools generates test cases by combining Web site path exploration algorithms with tester-provided inputs [3], [26]. A prototype framework integrating these features is presented in =-=[35]-=-. Also, Lee and Offut present an approach for testing the data exchange process in Web applications using XML [18]. Recently, three more formal techniques have been proposed to facilitate testing of f...

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...can share machine, application, client, and even session data. A wide variety of approaches for testing traditional, nondeterministic software systems have been proposed (e.g., [5], [17], [32], [33], =-=[36]-=-, [40]). A fundamental notion behind this work is that two overall classes of testing approaches are possible: those that sample over nondeterministic runs and those that attempt to create specific de...

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...ain types of processes can share machine, application, client, and even session data. A wide variety of approaches for testing traditional, nondeterministic software systems have been proposed (e.g., =-=[5]-=-, [17], [32], [33], [36], [40]). A fundamental notion behind this work is that two overall classes of testing approaches are possible: those that sample over nondeterministic runs and those that attem...

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...the testing controls, the collection of client request information can be accomplished easily. For example, with minimal configuration changes, the Apache Web server can log all received get-requests =-=[1]-=-. A slightly more powerful but less transparent alternative that can capture all name-value pairs involves adding snippets of javascript to the delivered Webpages so that all requests invoke a server-...

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...ements of Web applications is much more limited [8]. The most common class of functional testing tools provide infrastructure to support the capture and replay of specific usage scenarios [11], [15], =-=[28]-=-. Test engineers execute such usage scenarios, and the tools record events and translate them into scripts that can be replayed later for functional and regression testing. Another class of functional...

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...f processes can share machine, application, client, and even session data. A wide variety of approaches for testing traditional, nondeterministic software systems have been proposed (e.g., [5], [17], =-=[32]-=-, [33], [36], [40]). A fundamental notion behind this work is that two overall classes of testing approaches are possible: those that sample over nondeterministic runs and those that attempt to create...

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...s, we provided a tool that randomly selected an approximate location in which to seed a fault. We also provided the following list of fault types to consider (adapted from the fault classification in =-=[23]-=-): . Scripting faults. This includes faults associated with variables, such as definitions, deletions, or changes in values, and faults associated with control flow, such as addition of new blocks, re...

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...ional requirements of Web applications is much more limited [8]. The most common class of functional testing tools provide infrastructure to support the capture and replay of specific usage scenarios =-=[11]-=-, [15], [28]. Test engineers execute such usage scenarios, and the tools record events and translate them into scripts that can be replayed later for functional and regression testing. Another class o...