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...rcent went to U.S. apparel designers such as Liz Claiborne, Donna Karan, Calvin Klein and Ralph Lauren; while domestic producers make up an additional 20 percent of the total (Jones, 1995, pp. 25-26; =-=Gereffi, 1998-=-). Both apparel designers and domestic producers, together comprising 42 percent of the imports, are engaged in design and marketing functions. Large retailers are increasingly taking on this activity...

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...hus, when countries become more similar in size, they import more product varieties from each other. This hypothesis has found considerable empirical support for the OECD and also non-OECD countries (=-=Hummels and Levinsohn, 1995-=-). A final explanation, of particular relevance to this paper, is that the disintegration of production itself leads to more trade, as intermediate inputs cross borders several times during the manufa...

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...ntract through a firm located there. Rather than a “level playing field” for business, the policy issue now is international “harmonization” of regulations that affect labor and also the environment (=-=Bhagwati and Hudec, 1997-=-). An example is the Labor Side Agreement negotiated under the North American Free Trade Agreement, which I discuss. Policies such as this are a logical consequence of the 1. For discussion of the lin...

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...asic rights, including the right to organize. These include the 1983 Caribbean Basin Initiative, the 1984 Amendments to the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP), and the Omnibus Trade Act of 1988 (=-=Stone, 1996-=-, p. 469). Such provisions have occasionally been used, as in 1987 when President Reagan denied GSP preferences to Nicaragua, Paraguay and Romania on the basis of their alleged violations of labor rig...

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...e imports; another 22 percent went to U.S. apparel designers such as Liz Claiborne, Donna Karan, Calvin Klein and Ralph Lauren; while domestic producers make up an additional 20 percent of the total (=-=Jones, 1995-=-, pp. 25-26; Gereffi, 1998). Both apparel designers and domestic producers, together comprising 42 percent of the imports, are engaged in design and marketing functions. Large retailers are increasing...

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... can shed light on this phenomena. A starting point is to examine what has happened to the composition of U.S. trade using the “end-use” categories of the Bureau of Economic Analysis (as suggested by =-=Irwin, 1996-=-). Rather than assigning goods by their production process, these categories assign them according to their use by purchasers. The bulk of trade occurs in the five categories shown in Table 3: food, f...

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...o mind immediately are trade liberalization, and falling transportation costs. Estimates of their impact on bilateral trade of the OECD countries are provided by Baier and Bergstrand (1997) (see also =-=Rose, 1991-=-). The average level of bilateral trade grew twice as fast as country GDP in their sample, over 1958-1988. About two-fifths of the growth of trade relative to income is explained by the combined effec...

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...0 percent of all footwear imports in the United States in 1984 were purchased by manufacturers of shoes, who often market the products under the same brand name used to sell their U.S.-made footwear (=-=Yoffie and Gomes-Casseres, 1994-=-, p. 111). Many of these companies used imports as a means to shift the lowest-cost parts of the production process overseas. Such a trend can be seen for the textile, apparel and footwear industries ...