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... stimuli; rather, individuals are now seen as decision makers, with choices, preferences, and the possibility of becoming masterful, efficacious, or in malignant circumstances, helpless and hopeless (=-=Bandura, 1986-=-; Seligman, 1992). Science and practice that rely on this worldview may have the direct effect of preventing many of the major emotional disorders. They may also have two side effects: They may make t...

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...r, individuals are now seen as decision makers, with choices, preferences, and the possibility of becoming masterful, efficacious, or in malignant circumstances, helpless and hopeless (Bandura, 1986; =-=Seligman, 1992-=-). Science and practice that rely on this worldview may have the direct effect of preventing many of the major emotional disorders. They may also have two side effects: They may make the lives of clie...

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...tic approaches. It is generally assumed that it is healthy to be rigorously objective about one's situation. To paint a rosier picture than the facts warrant is often seen as a sign of pathology (cf. =-=Peterson, 2000-=-; Schwartz, 2000; and Vaillant, 2000, in this issue). However, in the second article of this section, Shelley Taylor and her collaborators argue that unrealistically optimistic beliefs about the futur...

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...It is generally assumed that it is healthy to be rigorously objective about one's situation. To paint a rosier picture than the facts warrant is often seen as a sign of pathology (cf. Peterson, 2000; =-=Schwartz, 2000-=-; and Vaillant, 2000, in this issue). However, in the second article of this section, Shelley Taylor and her collaborators argue that unrealistically optimistic beliefs about the future can protect pe...

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...ations for ameliorating health through prevention and care. At the beginning of their extensive review of the impacts of a broad range of emotions on physical health, Peter Salovey and his coauthors (=-=Salovey et al., 2000-=-) ruefully admit that because of the pathological bias of most research in the field, a great deal more is known about how negative emotions promote illness than is known about how positive emotions p...

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...ides in the understanding of and therapy for mental illness: At least 14 disorders, previously intractable, have yielded their secrets to science and can now be either cured or considerably relieved (=-=Seligman, 1994-=-). The downside, however, was that the other two fundamental missions of psychology--making the lives of all people better and nurturing genius--were all but forgotten. It wasn't only the subject matt...

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...e and fulfilling, and identifying and nurturing high talent. The early focus on positive psychology is exemplified by work such as Terman's studies of giftedness (Terman, 1939) and marital happiness (=-=Terman, Buttenwieser, Ferguson, Johnson, & Wilson, 1938-=-), Watson's writings on effective parenting (Watson, 1928), and Jung' s work concerning the search for and discovery of meaning in life (Jung, 1933). Right after the war, two events--both economic--ch...

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...med that it is healthy to be rigorously objective about one's situation. To paint a rosier picture than the facts warrant is often seen as a sign of pathology (cf. Peterson, 2000; Schwartz, 2000; and =-=Vaillant, 2000-=-, in this issue). However, in the second article of this section, Shelley Taylor and her collaborators argue that unrealistically optimistic beliefs about the future can protect people from illness (T...

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...is exemplified by work such as Terman's studies of giftedness (Terman, 1939) and marital happiness (Terman, Buttenwieser, Ferguson, Johnson, & Wilson, 1938), Watson's writings on effective parenting (=-=Watson, 1928-=-), and Jung' s work concerning the search for and discovery of meaning in life (Jung, 1933). Right after the war, two events--both economic--changed the face of psychology: In 1946, the Veterans Admin...

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... come to understand quite a bit about bow people survive and endure under conditions of adversity. (For recent surveys of the history of psychology, see, e.g., Benjamin, 1992; Koch & Leary, 1985; and =-=Smith, 1997-=-.) However, psychologists know very little about how normal people flourish under more benign conditions. Psychology has, since World War II, become a science largely about healing. It concentrates on...

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...pportunities for concentrated, self-directed effort applied over time. Although this article deals with issues central also to previous articles (e.g., Massimini & Delle Fave, 2000; Ryan & Deck 2000: =-=Winner, 2000-=-), it does so from the perspective of naturalistic studies of youth programs, thereby adding a welcome confirmatory triangulation to previous approaches. Challenges for the Future The 15 articles cont...

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...e that techniques that build positive traits and positive subjective experiences work, both in therapy and perhaps more importantly in prevention. Building optimism, for example, prevents depression (=-=Seligman, Schulman, DeRubeis, & Hollon, 1999-=-). The question is, how? By what mechanisms does courage or interpersonal skill or hope or future mindedness buffer against depression or schizophrenia or substance abuse? Descriptive or Prescriptive ...

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...mb youngster to grow up to be a wise senior." Although the first president of the American Psychological Association, G. Stanley Hall, tried to develop a model of wisdom in aging as far back as 1922 (=-=Hall, 1922-=-), the topic has not been a popular one in the intervening years. Recently, however, interest in wisdom has revived, and nowhere more vigorously than at the Max Planck Institute of Berlin, where the "...

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... worth living. They have come to understand quite a bit about bow people survive and endure under conditions of adversity. (For recent surveys of the history of psychology, see, e.g., Benjamin, 1992; =-=Koch & Leary, 1985-=-; and Smith, 1997.) However, psychologists know very little about how normal people flourish under more benign conditions. Psychology has, since World War II, become a science largely about healing. I...

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...and pathways for schizophrenia, substance abuse, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Somehow, it has gone unobserved (and unfunded) that all of these pathological states have their opposites (=-=LeDoux & Armony, 1999-=-). What are the neurochemistry and anatomy of flow, good cheer, realism, future mindedness, resistance to temptation, courage, and rational or flexible thinking? Similarly, psychologists are learning ...

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...he lives of all people more productive and fulfilling, and identifying and nurturing high talent. The early focus on positive psychology is exemplified by work such as Terman's studies of giftedness (=-=Terman, 1939-=-) and marital happiness (Terman, Buttenwieser, Ferguson, Johnson, & Wilson, 1938), Watson's writings on effective parenting (Watson, 1928), and Jung' s work concerning the search for and discovery of ...