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... view for instance, allows the definition of filtering criteria for any attribute or combinations thereof, through the use of dynamic queries, a graphical way to intuitively formulate complex queries =-=[10]-=-. Patients, whose attributes fall outside of the criteria, are filtered out and removed from the display or greyed out (Figure 4). This mechanism can be used by the caregivers to identify target group...

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...display or greyed out (Figure 4). This mechanism can be used by the caregivers to identify target groups for common interventions. All the different views are coordinated through brushing and linking =-=[11]-=-, meaning that an action in one view is immediately reflected in all the other views. Interfaces designed around multiple coordinated views have been proven effective when users need access to details...

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...ocess of working with the data. The sense of immediacy makes these interfaces simpler and more efficient to use [6]. Previous work on visualizing patient records represents data as parallel timelines =-=[7]-=- or by using the technique of small multiples [8] to show the various attributes of a record. Both systems however are limited to individuals and are not able to handle a large number of patients in p...

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...preparing data for presentation. This enables users to take a more active role in the process of working with the data. The sense of immediacy makes these interfaces simpler and more efficient to use =-=[6]-=-. Previous work on visualizing patient records represents data as parallel timelines [7] or by using the technique of small multiples [8] to show the various attributes of a record. Both systems howev...

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...SF– CSF volume, continuously takes place between plasma and ISF–CSF (Bulat et al., 2008). Since the surface of the choroid plexus is about 5000 times smaller than the surface of cerebral capillaries (=-=Crone, 1963-=-; Raichle, 1983), this and all of the above suggests that “formation” and “absorption” of ISF–CSF mainly take place at the cerebral capillaries (Fig. 8B). This hypothesis is supported by the observati...

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...is immediately reflected in all the other views. Interfaces designed around multiple coordinated views have been proven effective when users need access to details in addition to getting the overview =-=[12]-=-. They bring benefits of improved user performance, discovery of unforeseen relationships, and integration by interaction in addition to integration by visual design [13]. Figure 3 - Details are embed...

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...ition to getting the overview [12]. They bring benefits of improved user performance, discovery of unforeseen relationships, and integration by interaction in addition to integration by visual design =-=[13]-=-. Figure 3 - Details are embedded in the overview through distortion-oriented focus&context techniques. 3. Results We tested the application with two different case studies. The first case is data fro...

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...go beyond traditional “query and list”-based database interfaces. Information Visualization is a young field concerned with the interactive visual representation of abstract data to amplify cognition =-=[5]-=-. The tools that emerge out of this research enable users to access, navigate, and make sense of large amounts of data. They are exceptionally well suited for supporting the tasks outlined above. The ...

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... and Curl, 1967). As a working hypothesis, it was also suggested that the blood– brain barrier is probably a fluid generator, but in a very small volume which has no effect on the classic hypothesis (=-=Abbott, 2004-=-; Cserr, 1988). Because it appears that CSF is primarily produced by choroid plexuses, the discussion will continue to focus on the choroidal epithelium as a generator of CSF secretion. The choroid pl...

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...SF flows/circulates unidirectional from the brain ventricles to the subarachnoid space with the exchange of various substances (more or less manifested) between the CSF and interstitial compartments (=-=Davson, 1967-=-; Davson et al., 1987; Johanson et al., 2008; Plum and Siesjö, 1975). There is a belief that arachnoid villi of the dural venous sinuses are primarily responsible for the drainage of CSF from the suba...

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...diacy makes these interfaces simpler and more efficient to use [6]. Previous work on visualizing patient records represents data as parallel timelines [7] or by using the technique of small multiples =-=[8]-=- to show the various attributes of a record. Both systems however are limited to individuals and are not able to handle a large number of patients in parallel, together with the dynamic grouping descr...

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...ctively (Cserr, 1971; Heisey et al., 1962; Milhorat, 1989; Orešković et al., 2000; Rennels et al., 1990; Tripathi, 1974a,b; Wright, 1972). The rate of CSF formation in humans is about 0.3–0.4 ml/min (=-=Cutler et al., 1968-=-; Masserman, 1934; Pollay, 1972; Rubin et al., 1966; Sjöqvist, 1937), which means that the total production per day is about 430–580 ml. Based on the total CSF volume of 160 ml in the CSF system, it t...

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... is an assumption that the CSF is formed mainly by the secretory activity of choroid plexuses in the brain ventricles, and that the majority of the remaining CSF is probably produced by the ependyma (=-=Brown et al., 2004-=-; Davson et al., 1987; Johanson et al., 2008; McComb, 1983; O'Connel, 1970). It is generally accepted that CSF flows/circulates unidirectional from the brain ventricles to the subarachnoid space with ...

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...he CSF with the development of periventricular ischemia (Miše et al., 1996), cardiac disease (Luciano and Dombrovski, 2007), changes in arterial pulsations (Greitz, 2004, 2007) and venous compliance (=-=Bateman, 2000-=-, 2003)mayplayan important role in the development of that pathological process. The third reason why the choroid plexuses are considered to the main site of formation should be the fact that the obse...

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...mal CNS functioning. This theory is also supported by a rather old idea that the choroid plexuses (undoubtedly a secretory active tissue) participate in CSF absorption in a manner of two way traffic (=-=Brightman, 1968-=-; Cserr, 1971; Dodge and Fishman, 1970; Foley, 1921; Hassin, 1924; Wright, 1972). After all, it could be said that everything that has been discussed calls for a new approach and hypothesis of CSF hyd...

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...n associated with the occurrence of hydrocephalus, particularly the acute one, and some authors view it as the fundamental mechanism of hydrocephalus development regardless of whether a low gradient (=-=Conner et al., 1984-=-; Hakim and Hakim, 1984; Levine, 2008; Penn et al., 2005) or a high gradient is in question (Kaczmarek et al., 1997; Nagashima et al., 1987; Smillic et al., 2005). There are, nevertheless, some other ...

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...CSF formation has been measured in turtles, rats, sharks, rabbits, cats, monkeys, dogs, goats, and calves at approximately 1.4; 2.2; 3–4; 8–11; 14–21; 19–35; 35–50; 160; and 290 µl/min, respectively (=-=Cserr, 1971-=-; Heisey et al., 1962; Milhorat, 1989; Orešković et al., 2000; Rennels et al., 1990; Tripathi, 1974a,b; Wright, 1972). The rate of CSF formation in humans is about 0.3–0.4 ml/min (Cutler et al., 1968;...

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... CSF was observed in the collection tube in any of the investigated animal. These results closely corresponded to some results observed by the MR imaging technique on humans (Bradley et al., 1986a,b; =-=Enzmann and Pelc, 1991-=-) and the results obtained by a similar method on cats (Orešković et al., 2001). To test the sensitivity of the method, i.e. check if the physiological CSF formation rate can be measured by this metho...

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..., the foramina of Monro where irregular flow patterns may be encountered. Cardiac cycle-related cerebral blood volume variations produce bidirectional oscillatory movement of CSF within the aqueduct (=-=Barkhof et al., 1994-=-; Bradley et al., 1986a,b; Florez et al., 2006; Greitz et al., 1993; Lee et al., 2004; Luetmer et al., 2002; Ohara et al., 1988). During systole, the net inflow of blood increases the intracranial vol...

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...ills the subarachnoid space with cisterns (Fig. 1). According to experimental scientific interest and the first modern studies of CSF physiology from nearly a century ago (Cushing, 1914; Dandy, 1919; =-=Dandy and Blackfan, 1914-=-; Weed, 1914) the CSF physiology is, after a hundred years of investigation, based on three key premises: 1) the active formation (secretion) of cerebrospinal fluid (Vf); 2) the passive absorption of ...

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...75; Milhorat et al., 1976a,b). With the development of the endoscopic methods in the mid 90s, new attempts were made to cure hydrocephalus using different surgical procedures on the choroid plexuses (=-=Enchev and Oi, 2008-=-; Pople and Ettles 1995; Wellons et al., 2002). Although the results of the treatment were somewhat better than those using a classic surgical approach, the same problems still persisted. The ventricu...

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...condition more effective and moreseconomical [1]. Through telemedical monitoring, medical data measured in every-day context is easily available and can be used to support therapeutic decision making =-=[3, 4]-=-. With this goal in mind, we built a telemedical disease management system that allows not only monitoring of a patient's condition, i.e. data transfer from the patient to a centre of competence, but ...

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...tran and a decrease in 3 H-water concentration occurred in the perfusate (Orešković and Bulat, 1993). If we take into account that it was demonstrated that a significant bulk absorption of 3 H-water (=-=Bulat et al., 2008-=-) occurs within the brain ventricles, all these losses of the marker from the perfusate and the changes in marker concentration caused by loss of water should give a false calculation of net CSF forma...

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... well as the external unit fills the subarachnoid space with cisterns (Fig. 1). According to experimental scientific interest and the first modern studies of CSF physiology from nearly a century ago (=-=Cushing, 1914-=-; Dandy, 1919; Dandy and Blackfan, 1914; Weed, 1914) the CSF physiology is, after a hundred years of investigation, based on three key premises: 1) the active formation (secretion) of cerebrospinal fl...

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... subarachnoid space into the lymphatic system (Bradbury, 1981; Brierly and Field, 1948; Dandy, 1929; Johnston et al., 2005, 2004; Koh et al., 2005, 2006; Weed, 1914), and high intraspinal absorption (=-=Edsbagge et al., 2004-=-). The control of CSF volume is under the influence of hydrostatic and osmotic forces (Bulat, 1993; Orešković et al., 2000, 2002, 1991) between the CSF system and the surrounding tissue (Fig. 8D), and...

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....e. the idea of embedding different scales in a single view, in order to maintain context while navigating and examining details. In our system we rely on distortion-oriented focus&context techniques =-=[9]-=- in two ways (Figure 3). Horizontally, selected areas can be enlarged in time by sliding a “magnifying lens” along the time axis. The region inside the lens is enlarged, while the two regions on the o...

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... the venous sinus (Welch and Friedman, 1960; Welch and Pollay, 1961). The ultrastructural studies of these structures differed in their support of these pressure-sensitive opening pathway hypotheses (=-=Alksne and Lovings, 1972-=-; Gomez et al., 1974; Jayatilaka, 1965). Since Shabo and Maxwell (1968) showed that the observed tubular system was probably a consequence of tissue histological preparation, and that the endothelium ...

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...onal transport of ions, which creates an osmotic gradient inducing the movement of water (Figs. 2–4). The basic understanding of this process is incomplete and still speculative. Based on literature (=-=Bergsneider, 2001-=-; Brodbelt and Stoodley, 2007; Brown et al., 2004; Davson et al., 1987; Johanson et al., 2008; Lyons and Meyer, 1990; Pollay 1977; Spector and Johanson, 1989), it could be generally shown that the net...

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...f. 3.6. Magnetic resonance imaging method Magnetic resonance (MR) is a noninvasive imaging technique that allows for an evaluation of the direction and velocity of blood throughout the blood vessels (=-=Bradley et al., 1984-=-; Bucciolini et al., 1987; Von Schulthess and Higgins, 1985). Since the aqueduct of Sylvius can be considered a CSF vessel, about 15 mm in length and 1–2 mm in width, that connects the third and the f...

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...hird and the fourth brain ventricles (Brinkmann et al., 2000; Flyger and Hjelmquist, 1957; Longatti et al., 2007; Mascalchi et al., 1988), this technique has also been applied to aqueductal CSF flow (=-=Bradley et al., 1986-=-a,b; Brinkmann et al., 2000; Mark and Feinberg, 1986; Mascalchi et al., 1988). The aqueduct is a suitable location for the characterization of CSF flow since it is a narrow structure, which results in...

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...achnoid villi of the dural venous sinuses are primarily responsible for the drainage of CSF from the subarachnoid space to the cranial venous blood (Figs. 1 and 2) by means of a hydrostatic gradient (=-=Brodbelt and Stoodley, 2007-=-; Weed, 1935). Welch and coworkers described an open tubular system projecting into the lacuna lateralis or directly into the venous sinus (Welch and Friedman, 1960; Welch and Pollay, 1961). The ultra...

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...y evaluated. However, it is known that a marker can pass from the CSF into the brain parenchyma (Bergsneider, 2001; Curran et al., 1970; Davson et al., 1987; Fenstermacher et al., 1974; Orešković and =-=Bulat, 1993-=-), and that inulin enters rapidly into perivascular CNS spaces, reaches a very large surface area of capillaries and, by slow diffusion across microvascular walls, reaches the bloodstream and is rapid...

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...tioned assumptions have not been critically evaluated. However, it is known that a marker can pass from the CSF into the brain parenchyma (Bergsneider, 2001; Curran et al., 1970; Davson et al., 1987; =-=Fenstermacher et al., 1974-=-; Orešković and Bulat, 1993), and that inulin enters rapidly into perivascular CNS spaces, reaches a very large surface area of capillaries and, by slow diffusion across microvascular walls, reaches t...

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...7; Von Schulthess and Higgins, 1985). Since the aqueduct of Sylvius can be considered a CSF vessel, about 15 mm in length and 1–2 mm in width, that connects the third and the fourth brain ventricles (=-=Brinkmann et al., 2000-=-; Flyger and Hjelmquist, 1957; Longatti et al., 2007; Mascalchi et al., 1988), this technique has also been applied to aqueductal CSF flow (Bradley et al., 1986a,b; Brinkmann et al., 2000; Mark and Fe...

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...atto, 1963; Cutler et al., 1968; Heisey et al., 1962; Rubin et al., 1966; Sklar et al., 1980). However, other studies have demonstrated that a change in ICP interferes with the rate of CSF formation (=-=Calhoun et al., 1967-=-; Flexner, 1933; Frier et al., 1972; Hochwald and Sahar, 1971; Martins et al., 1977; Orešković et al., 2000; Weiss and Wertman, 1978) and that the rate of CSF formation declines as pressure in the CSF...

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..., 2008; Davson et al., 1987; Nagib and O'Fallon, 2000). Vascularity is increased and the enhancement of the choroid plexus following an injection of gadolinium is very evident in cases of papillomas (=-=Fujimura et al., 2004-=-). Inside a carcinoma, areas of necrosis and cystic formations have been observed, and the permeability of such a structure is much higher than that of a healthy choroid plexus. Thus, the CSF is abnor...

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...se-making part of the process. In this paper we look at telemedical disease management as an example for this situation. Disease management is an approach to the treatment of chronically ill patients =-=[1]-=-, consisting of a disease-specific system of decision making algorithms, coordinated healthcare interventions and communications for populations with conditions in which patient self-care efforts are ...

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...condition more effective and moreseconomical [1]. Through telemedical monitoring, medical data measured in every-day context is easily available and can be used to support therapeutic decision making =-=[3, 4]-=-. With this goal in mind, we built a telemedical disease management system that allows not only monitoring of a patient's condition, i.e. data transfer from the patient to a centre of competence, but ...

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...elationship between CSF formation and ICP. From the data obtained during the CSF perfusion technique, it was concluded that the alteration of ICP had little or no significant effect on CSF formation (=-=Artru, 1988-=-; Bering and Satto, 1963; Cutler et al., 1968; Heisey et al., 1962; Rubin et al., 1966; Sklar et al., 1980). However, other studies have demonstrated that a change in ICP interferes with the rate of C...

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...romia or both) (Hawkins, 1980). It was also observed in animals that the amount of proteins in the CSF, as well as the number of white blood cells, is increased in the case of a choroid plexus tumor (=-=Bailey and Higgins, 1986-=-). Since blood can be found in the CSF, hydrocephalus could develop because of subarachnoid scarring (recurrent bleeding from the tumor) (Barber et al., 2008; Davson et al., 1987; Nagib and O'Fallon, ...

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...iological conditions by different MR imaging techniques, the obtained results did not allow presentation of the rate of CSF formation (Vf) neither from reported flow values nor from the CSF velocity (=-=Baledent et al., 2006-=-; Barkhof et al., 1994; Florez et al., 2006; Kim et al., 1999; Lee et al., 2004; Luetmer et al., 2002; Mase et al., 1998; Schroeder et al., 2000; Scollato et al., 2008; Stahlberg et al., 1989). The re...

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...n the case of a choroid plexus tumor (Bailey and Higgins, 1986). Since blood can be found in the CSF, hydrocephalus could develop because of subarachnoid scarring (recurrent bleeding from the tumor) (=-=Barber et al., 2008-=-; Davson et al., 1987; Nagib and O'Fallon, 2000). The ventricle on the side of the lateral ventricular papilloma is usually the larger of the two (Davson et al., 1987) — the development of unilateral ...

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...ular, choroidal and respiratory pulsations, cardiac systole and diastole and the hydrostatic pressure gradient that exists between the CSF and the venous system (Bering, 1962; Bering and Satto, 1963; =-=Bhadelia et al., 1995-=-; Di Chiro, 1964; Du Boulay, 1966; Du Boulay et al., 1972; Florez et al., 2006; Lee et al., 2004; Mascalchi et al., 1988; Milhorat, 1975; O'Connel, 1970; Ohara et al., 1988; Scollato et al., 2008; Tho...

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...Tripathi and Tripathi, 1974). In addition, there is a large amount of literature which suggests that the significant absorption of CSF (Va) occurs from the subarachnoid space to the lymphatic system (=-=Bradbury, 1981-=-; Brierly and Field, 1948; Dandy, 1929; Johnston et al., 2005; Johnston et al., 2004; Koh et al., 2005, 2006; Weed, 1914). Also, in spite of some other proposed places of CSF absorption (choroid plexu...

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...hird and the fourth brain ventricles (Brinkmann et al., 2000; Flyger and Hjelmquist, 1957; Longatti et al., 2007; Mascalchi et al., 1988), this technique has also been applied to aqueductal CSF flow (=-=Bradley et al., 1986-=-a,b; Brinkmann et al., 2000; Mark and Feinberg, 1986; Mascalchi et al., 1988). The aqueduct is a suitable location for the characterization of CSF flow since it is a narrow structure, which results in...

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...pathi, 1974). In addition, there is a large amount of literature which suggests that the significant absorption of CSF (Va) occurs from the subarachnoid space to the lymphatic system (Bradbury, 1981; =-=Brierly and Field, 1948-=-; Dandy, 1929; Johnston et al., 2005; Johnston et al., 2004; Koh et al., 2005, 2006; Weed, 1914). Also, in spite of some other proposed places of CSF absorption (choroid plexuses, brain tissue, etc; s...

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...ance imaging method Magnetic resonance (MR) is a noninvasive imaging technique that allows for an evaluation of the direction and velocity of blood throughout the blood vessels (Bradley et al., 1984; =-=Bucciolini et al., 1987-=-; Von Schulthess and Higgins, 1985). Since the aqueduct of Sylvius can be considered a CSF vessel, about 15 mm in length and 1–2 mm in width, that connects the third and the fourth brain ventricles (B...

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...is questionable since it has been shown that pantopaque is a toxic agent which produces acute ventriculitis and inflammatory changes in the choroid plexuses following intraventricular administration (=-=Clark et al., 1971-=-). 3.4. Micropuncture of the principal vein of the choroid plexus Micropuncture of the principal vein of the choroid plexus (Welch, 1963) was developed in rabbits and is based on the idea that an incr...

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...method for the measurement of V f, the mentioned assumptions have not been critically evaluated. However, it is known that a marker can pass from the CSF into the brain parenchyma (Bergsneider, 2001; =-=Curran et al., 1970-=-; Davson et al., 1987; Fenstermacher et al., 1974; Orešković and Bulat, 1993), and that inulin enters rapidly into perivascular CNS spaces, reaches a very large surface area of capillaries and, by slo...

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..., there is a large amount of literature which suggests that the significant absorption of CSF (Va) occurs from the subarachnoid space to the lymphatic system (Bradbury, 1981; Brierly and Field, 1948; =-=Dandy, 1929-=-; Johnston et al., 2005; Johnston et al., 2004; Koh et al., 2005, 2006; Weed, 1914). Also, in spite of some other proposed places of CSF absorption (choroid plexuses, brain tissue, etc; see later), in...

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...ry is also supported by a rather old idea that the choroid plexuses (undoubtedly a secretory active tissue) participate in CSF absorption in a manner of two way traffic (Brightman, 1968; Cserr, 1971; =-=Dodge and Fishman, 1970-=-; Foley, 1921; Hassin, 1924; Wright, 1972). After all, it could be said that everything that has been discussed calls for a new approach and hypothesis of CSF hydrodynamics. 5. The new working hypothe...

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... and diastole and the hydrostatic pressure gradient that exists between the CSF and the venous system (Bering, 1962; Bering and Satto, 1963; Bhadelia et al., 1995; Di Chiro, 1964; Du Boulay, 1966; Du =-=Boulay et al., 1972-=-; Florez et al., 2006; Lee et al., 2004; Mascalchi et al., 1988; Milhorat, 1975; O'Connel, 1970; Ohara et al., 1988; Scollato et al., 2008; Thomsen et al., 1990). The unquestionable fact is that, in p...

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...us papilloma is shown using the technique of CSF drainage (Fairburn, 1960; Nagib and O'Fallon, 2000; Tamburrini et al., 2006), and a “scientifically acceptable method” of ventriculo-spinal perfusion (=-=Eisenberg et al., 1974-=-; Milhorat et al., 1976a,b). In some cases, 400 to 960 ml/day has been collected by external drainage, under the conditions of pressure of 5 cm H2O(Fairburn, 1960). By using CSF drainage, it was deter...

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...ortality was 8% (mortality within one month of surgery), but the overall mortality was 25% (Lena et al., 1990). Oversecretion of choroid plexus papilloma is shown using the technique of CSF drainage (=-=Fairburn, 1960-=-; Nagib and O'Fallon, 2000; Tamburrini et al., 2006), and a “scientifically acceptable method” of ventriculo-spinal perfusion (Eisenberg et al., 1974; Milhorat et al., 1976a,b). In some cases, 400 to ...

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...al., 1968; Heisey et al., 1962; Rubin et al., 1966; Sklar et al., 1980). However, other studies have demonstrated that a change in ICP interferes with the rate of CSF formation (Calhoun et al., 1967; =-=Flexner, 1933-=-; Frier et al., 1972; Hochwald and Sahar, 1971; Martins et al., 1977; Orešković et al., 2000; Weiss and Wertman, 1978) and that the rate of CSF formation declines as pressure in the CSF system is elev...

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...ethod of determining CSF formation in human subjects and animals. This method involves needle introduction into the CSF space and collection of the CSF that outflows spontaneously through the needle (=-=Flexner and Winters, 1932-=-; Frazier and Peet, 1915; Greeneberg et al., 1943; Sjöqvist, 1937; Weed, 1914). At the beginning a large amount of CSF escapes and it is necessary to wait for a balanced outflow of CSF before the CSF ...

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... hydrostatic pressure gradient that exists between the CSF and the venous system (Bering, 1962; Bering and Satto, 1963; Bhadelia et al., 1995; Di Chiro, 1964; Du Boulay, 1966; Du Boulay et al., 1972; =-=Florez et al., 2006-=-; Lee et al., 2004; Mascalchi et al., 1988; Milhorat, 1975; O'Connel, 1970; Ohara et al., 1988; Scollato et al., 2008; Thomsen et al., 1990). The unquestionable fact is that, in physiological conditio...

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...ggins, 1985). Since the aqueduct of Sylvius can be considered a CSF vessel, about 15 mm in length and 1–2 mm in width, that connects the third and the fourth brain ventricles (Brinkmann et al., 2000; =-=Flyger and Hjelmquist, 1957-=-; Longatti et al., 2007; Mascalchi et al., 1988), this technique has also been applied to aqueductal CSF flow (Bradley et al., 1986a,b; Brinkmann et al., 2000; Mark and Feinberg, 1986; Mascalchi et al...

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... rather old idea that the choroid plexuses (undoubtedly a secretory active tissue) participate in CSF absorption in a manner of two way traffic (Brightman, 1968; Cserr, 1971; Dodge and Fishman, 1970; =-=Foley, 1921-=-; Hassin, 1924; Wright, 1972). After all, it could be said that everything that has been discussed calls for a new approach and hypothesis of CSF hydrodynamics. 5. The new working hypothesis of cerebr...

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..., an estimate of this net flow can be calculated as the difference between the integrated CSF inflow (diastolic) and outflow (systolic) over one cardiac cycle, representing the production of CSF (Vf; =-=Forner et al., 2007-=-; Gideon et al., 1994; Thomsen et al., 1990). However, in articles on the subject of hydrodynamics in the aqueduct of Sylvius, the expression for CSF flow is used in many situations without an explana...

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...rmation in human subjects and animals. This method involves needle introduction into the CSF space and collection of the CSF that outflows spontaneously through the needle (Flexner and Winters, 1932; =-=Frazier and Peet, 1915-=-; Greeneberg et al., 1943; Sjöqvist, 1937; Weed, 1914). At the beginning a large amount of CSF escapes and it is necessary to wait for a balanced outflow of CSF before the CSF formation rate (Vf) can ...

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...ey et al., 1962; Rubin et al., 1966; Sklar et al., 1980). However, other studies have demonstrated that a change in ICP interferes with the rate of CSF formation (Calhoun et al., 1967; Flexner, 1933; =-=Frier et al., 1972-=-; Hochwald and Sahar, 1971; Martins et al., 1977; Orešković et al., 2000; Weiss and Wertman, 1978) and that the rate of CSF formation declines as pressure in the CSF system is elevated. These results,...

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... net flow can be calculated as the difference between the integrated CSF inflow (diastolic) and outflow (systolic) over one cardiac cycle, representing the production of CSF (Vf; Forner et al., 2007; =-=Gideon et al., 1994-=-; Thomsen et al., 1990). However, in articles on the subject of hydrodynamics in the aqueduct of Sylvius, the expression for CSF flow is used in many situations without an explanation and/or in the wr...