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...lored, and new materials with nanostructure-dependent properties to be developed. Perhaps the best known of the ‘new’ nanomaterials was carbon nanotubes—discovered in the 1990s (Bethune et al., 1993; =-=Iijima, 1991-=-). Singlewalled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) are in essence a single sheet of graphite (graphene), wrapped into a tube 1.5 nm in diameter (Fig. 1). This unique atomic configuration leads to a material wit...

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...e dangers of not balancing the benefits of emerging nanotechnologies against potential and novel risks (Hett, 2004; Chemical Industry Vision 2020 technology Partnership and SRC, 2005; Dennison, 2005; =-=EC, 2005-=-; EPA, 2005; Oberdörster et al., 2005a; Maynard, 2006a). Are the promises of nanotechnology and the potential risks real? Or is the current flurry of interest little more than hype? And how should the...

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...ndustry and governments to ensure their safety. And the power of people to decide which technologies succeed and which do not—whether based on real or perceived risks—has become a significant factor (=-=Renn, 2005-=-).s2 A. D. Maynard Against this backdrop comes nanotechnology. Early concerns over the possible dangers of an uncontrolled technological advance were voiced by civil society groups such as the ETC Gro...

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...e academia, government, non-government organizations and industry have emerged, that consider the dangers of not balancing the benefits of emerging nanotechnologies against potential and novel risks (=-=Hett, 2004-=-; Chemical Industry Vision 2020 technology Partnership and SRC, 2005; Dennison, 2005; EC, 2005; EPA, 2005; Oberdörster et al., 2005a; Maynard, 2006a). Are the promises of nanotechnology and the potent...

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...f nanostructured particles in the respiratory system. Oberdörster et al. exposed rats to two different sizes of TiO 2 particles through intratrachial installation, and measured inflammatory response (=-=Oberdörster et al., 1994-=-). The chemistry was similar enough between the two particle sizes (25 nm diameter particles and 250 nm diameter particles) to expect the same dose–response relationship as a function of instilled mas...

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... possibility of maneuvering things atom by atom. It is not an attempt to violate any laws: It is something in principle that can be done; but in practice it has not been done because we are too big. (=-=Feynman, 1959-=-) Feynman saw the potential for this scale of engineering, but did not have the tools to make it a reality. These came over 20 years later, with the development and application of the Scanning Tunnell...

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...gs if inhaled. For instance, introducing a small percentage of impurities to the surface of nano-TiO 2 particles may fundamentally alter their propensity to generate free radicals under UV radiation (=-=Wakefield et al., 2004-=-). And changes over time such as coagulation, sintering and chemical transformations can likewise alter behaviour. Without rigorous nanomaterials characterization, it will be near-impossible to interp...

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...single-walled carbon nanotube, showing aligned clusters of nanotubes (nanoropes) and nanometre-diameter metal catalyst particles, used in the production process. phenomena enable novel applications. (=-=NSET, 2004-=-) In their 2004 report, the Royal Society and the Royal Academy of Engineering were a little more precise, separating out definitions for nanoscience and what they referred to as ‘nanotechnologies’: N...

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... and inevitable commercialization of nanotechnologies. Already, investment in research and development has led to over 300 allegedly nanotechnology-based consumer products entering the global market (=-=PEN, 2006-=-) (Fig. 2). These range from computer chips to sports goods and clothing to cosmetics and dietary supplements. And they just represent the visible tip of the nanotechnology iceberg. By 2014, it is est...