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...hat would allow comparisons of interaction behaviors to be conducted. We modified a method used in related work [6], that represented trails as strings, and then compute the Levenshtein Distance (LD) =-=[18]-=- between trails represented in this way. LD is a method for judging the closeness of two arbitrary length strings based upon the number of insertions, deletions, and substitutions necessary to convert...

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...conclude.s2. PREVIOUS WORK Information-seeking behavior has been studied extensively by the library and information science communities, mainly through the development of models of the search process =-=[1, 21]-=-. In this research, behaviors are often studied as part of a search driven by the desire to complete a task. The task can affect users’ ability to formulate queries and interact effectively [4]. Other...

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...conclude.s2. PREVIOUS WORK Information-seeking behavior has been studied extensively by the library and information science communities, mainly through the development of models of the search process =-=[1, 21]-=-. In this research, behaviors are often studied as part of a search driven by the desire to complete a task. The task can affect users’ ability to formulate queries and interact effectively [4]. Other...

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...arch engines over a period of time [35], and to consider what people find relevant to common queries across individuals [37]. Even when researchers supplement the query log analysis with user surveys =-=[32]-=- these studies are still limited to searches that involve search engines omitting many of post-query activities. Other applications of these logs have been in the prediction patterns of search on temp...

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...Other applications of these logs have been in the prediction patterns of search on temporal patterns of query refinement [17], or the use of these logs in query suggestion [16]. Web site log analysis =-=[6]-=- addresses a broader class of Web search behaviors but conflates undirected browsing behaviors and search. There has been extensive work on mining and predicting interaction patterns from interaction ...

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...nalyzing within-user variability. Other studies have examined Web logs to determine what users are doing during Web search activities. In the search domain this analysis has generally used query logs =-=[15]-=- to gain insight into the types of information people search for and a cursory understanding of how people search. Query logs have been used to address questions such as the repetition of queries to s...

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...y of post-query activities. Other applications of these logs have been in the prediction patterns of search on temporal patterns of query refinement [17], or the use of these logs in query suggestion =-=[16]-=-. Web site log analysis [6] addresses a broader class of Web search behaviors but conflates undirected browsing behaviors and search. There has been extensive work on mining and predicting interaction...

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...consistent behavior, we have a chance to adapt user interfaces to take advantage of predicted behavior. Through the research in areas such as information foraging [27], sensemaking [33], orienteering =-=[25,36]-=- search interface design [8], and information visualization [2], the research community is at the forefront of developing search technology that serves a diverse range of purposes. However, large-scal...

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...a range of implications in areas such as the design of search interfaces, predictive document retrieval [19], and user modeling [31]. Although there has been related research on examining user trails =-=[40]-=-, studying browsing behavior within Web sites [14], developing user and task models [11], and investigating individual differences in user behavior [10], this is the first study to focus explicitly on...

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...esses a broader class of Web search behaviors but conflates undirected browsing behaviors and search. There has been extensive work on mining and predicting interaction patterns from interaction logs =-=[29]-=- and some research on studying user behavior [34,39]. Part of this research has been the development of a universal law of surfing [14] that suggests user navigation patterns are quite consistent with...

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...model and identify consistent behavior, we have a chance to adapt user interfaces to take advantage of predicted behavior. Through the research in areas such as information foraging [27], sensemaking =-=[33]-=-, orienteering [25,36] search interface design [8], and information visualization [2], the research community is at the forefront of developing search technology that serves a diverse range of purpose...

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...ormation target. However, cognitive styles may not be the only contributor to differences in interaction behavior. 4.2.3. The average domain variance per query was .14 (SD = .08). Hölscher and Strube =-=[13]-=- conducted a study of search behaviors, A high domain variance implies that participants had to visit a and found that people’s background, knowledge of the Web, and diverse range of domains to find t...

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...vior such as SNIF-ACT [28] to derive a theoretically grounded set of Web site design principles, or the use of information scent to predict surfing patterns of users looking for information on a site =-=[7]-=-. Although there are commonalities with information foraging research, our study specifically addresses behavioral variability not fully handled in the foraging literature. The very need for users to ...

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...n of search interfaces, predictive document retrieval [19], and user modeling [31]. Although there has been related research on examining user trails [40], studying browsing behavior within Web sites =-=[14]-=-, developing user and task models [11], and investigating individual differences in user behavior [10], this is the first study to focus explicitly on behavioral variability in Web search. In this inv...

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...consistent behavior, we have a chance to adapt user interfaces to take advantage of predicted behavior. Through the research in areas such as information foraging [27], sensemaking [33], orienteering =-=[25,36]-=- search interface design [8], and information visualization [2], the research community is at the forefront of developing search technology that serves a diverse range of purposes. However, large-scal...

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...o searches that involve search engines omitting many of post-query activities. Other applications of these logs have been in the prediction patterns of search on temporal patterns of query refinement =-=[17]-=-, or the use of these logs in query suggestion [16]. Web site log analysis [6] addresses a broader class of Web search behaviors but conflates undirected browsing behaviors and search. There has been ...

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...the variance and represents interaction is highly consistent or highly variable. Examples of this the amount of time taken to traverse the search trail. support could be the provision of guided tours =-=[38]-=-, the use of teleportation to facilitate rapid access to frequently visited destinations [36], or query segmentation for tailored search engine training or ranking operations. 9 In adition, Cronbach’s...

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...e interaction flow or information targeted) given a user or a query has a range of implications in areas such as the design of search interfaces, predictive document retrieval [19], and user modeling =-=[31]-=-. Although there has been related research on examining user trails [40], studying browsing behavior within Web sites [14], developing user and task models [11], and investigating individual differenc...

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... conflates undirected browsing behaviors and search. There has been extensive work on mining and predicting interaction patterns from interaction logs [29] and some research on studying user behavior =-=[34,39]-=-. Part of this research has been the development of a universal law of surfing [14] that suggests user navigation patterns are quite consistent within given Web sites, short surfing sessions are prefe...

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... been related research on examining user trails [40], studying browsing behavior within Web sites [14], developing user and task models [11], and investigating individual differences in user behavior =-=[10]-=-, this is the first study to focus explicitly on behavioral variability in Web search. In this investigation we wanted to characterize differences in the interaction styles of users, and better unders...

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... conflates undirected browsing behaviors and search. There has been extensive work on mining and predicting interaction patterns from interaction logs [29] and some research on studying user behavior =-=[34,39]-=-. Part of this research has been the development of a universal law of surfing [14] that suggests user navigation patterns are quite consistent within given Web sites, short surfing sessions are prefe...

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...[4]. Other factors such as domain-specific search knowledge can have a marked effect on search behavior when performing specific tasks such as online shopping and healthcare research [3]. Card et al. =-=[5]-=- conducted a user study investigating the effect of information scent (i.e., visual and linguistic cues pertaining to a distal object’s information value) on user navigation behavior. They found that ...

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... patterns in terms of the interaction flow or information targeted) given a user or a query has a range of implications in areas such as the design of search interfaces, predictive document retrieval =-=[19]-=-, and user modeling [31]. Although there has been related research on examining user trails [40], studying browsing behavior within Web sites [14], developing user and task models [11], and investigat...

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... behavior for different assigned tasks. The effect of the individual differences between users has been considered for some time in personalizing search to align better with individual user interests =-=[30]-=-. Research in cognitive and differential psychology [9], user modeling [31], and interface design [23], have all focused on eliciting information about individual users to improve system design. These...

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...rmation foraging theory [27] has gone a long way toward characterizing search behavior, but has mainly focused on the development of cognitive-perceptual simulations of user behavior such as SNIF-ACT =-=[28]-=- to derive a theoretically grounded set of Web site design principles, or the use of information scent to predict surfing patterns of users looking for information on a site [7]. Although there are co...

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...interaction between the test queries. individuals consistently to adopt a particular type of information processing strategy) appeared to influence search behavior. Through user experimentation, Pask =-=[26]-=- identified two cognitive styles – holist and serialist – that can be used to classify individuals based on their learning strategy. Holists are cognitively complex, tend to exhibit a global approach ...

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...ract effectively [4]. Other factors such as domain-specific search knowledge can have a marked effect on search behavior when performing specific tasks such as online shopping and healthcare research =-=[3]-=-. Card et al. [5] conducted a user study investigating the effect of information scent (i.e., visual and linguistic cues pertaining to a distal object’s information value) on user navigation behavior....

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...e individual differences between users has been considered for some time in personalizing search to align better with individual user interests [30]. Research in cognitive and differential psychology =-=[9]-=-, user modeling [31], and interface design [23], have all focused on eliciting information about individual users to improve system design. These techniques have generally required access to the users...

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...rded information such as query-terms, dwell times, and commonly selected branching information [34]. Enhanced back buttons can be added to the browser to return users to branch points or result pages =-=[22]-=-. More data than was available in this study is required to recommend the support to offer at the intersections between these incorporated into a model for estimating the variability of a user’s two d...

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...hance to adapt user interfaces to take advantage of predicted behavior. Through the research in areas such as information foraging [27], sensemaking [33], orienteering [25,36] search interface design =-=[8]-=-, and information visualization [2], the research community is at the forefront of developing search technology that serves a diverse range of purposes. However, large-scale commercial search engines ...

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...ings emphasized the importance of research such as this and the importance of treating some users and queries differently. We begin this section by relating our findings to previous work. Ford et al. =-=[12]-=- conducted a study of 1 peoples’ search behaviors, and showed that cognitive styles (i.e., tendencies displayed by with the exception of time and number of query iterations, which exhibited no correla...

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...nformation people search for and a cursory understanding of how people search. Query logs have been used to address questions such as the repetition of queries to search engines over a period of time =-=[35]-=-, and to consider what people find relevant to common queries across individuals [37]. Even when researchers supplement the query log analysis with user surveys [32] these studies are still limited to...

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...n considered for some time in personalizing search to align better with individual user interests [30]. Research in cognitive and differential psychology [9], user modeling [31], and interface design =-=[23]-=-, have all focused on eliciting information about individual users to improve system design. These techniques have generally required access to the users in order to elicit information directly from t...

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...ument retrieval [19], and user modeling [31]. Although there has been related research on examining user trails [40], studying browsing behavior within Web sites [14], developing user and task models =-=[11]-=-, and investigating individual differences in user behavior [10], this is the first study to focus explicitly on behavioral variability in Web search. In this investigation we wanted to characterize d...

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...ake advantage of predicted behavior. Through the research in areas such as information foraging [27], sensemaking [33], orienteering [25,36] search interface design [8], and information visualization =-=[2]-=-, the research community is at the forefront of developing search technology that serves a diverse range of purposes. However, large-scale commercial search engines have not yet been able to effective...

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...ge of observational studies is that they allow for a deep understanding of naturalistic search behavior. They have been used in a variety of ways from monitoring user interaction with paper documents =-=[20]-=- to users engaged in directed search activities [36]. However, these studies generally focus on small user samples and a limited number of contrived tasks. Our study uses rich interaction log data fro...

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...ss [1, 21]. In this research, behaviors are often studied as part of a search driven by the desire to complete a task. The task can affect users’ ability to formulate queries and interact effectively =-=[4]-=-. Other factors such as domain-specific search knowledge can have a marked effect on search behavior when performing specific tasks such as online shopping and healthcare research [3]. Card et al. [5]...