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...se proxies organize themselves into an appropriate data delivery path. TCP is used to provide reliable communicationbetween each pair of peer proxies on the overlay. Some other recent projects (Chord =-=[21]-=-, Content AddressableNetworks (CAN) [16], Tapestry [23] and Pastry [18]) havealso addressed the scalability issue in creating application layer overlays, and are therefore, closely related to our work...

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...ppropriate data delivery path. TCP is used to provide reliable communicationbetween each pair of peer proxies on the overlay. Some other recent projects (Chord [21], Content AddressableNetworks (CAN) =-=[16]-=-, Tapestry [23] and Pastry [18]) havealso addressed the scalability issue in creating application layer overlays, and are therefore, closely related to our work. CAN definesa virtual d-dimensional Car...

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...TCP is used to provide reliable communicationbetween each pair of peer proxies on the overlay. Some other recent projects (Chord [21], Content AddressableNetworks (CAN) [16], Tapestry [23] and Pastry =-=[18]-=-) havealso addressed the scalability issue in creating application layer overlays, and are therefore, closely related to our work. CAN definesa virtual d-dimensional Cartesian coordinate space, and ea...

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...pted by most commercial ISPs, and thus large parts of the Internet are still incapable of native multicast more than a decade after the protocols were developed.sApplication-Layer Multicast protocols =-=[9, 11, 6, 13, 14, 24, 17]-=- do not change the network infrastructure, instead they implement multicast forwarding functionality exclusively at end-hosts. Such application-layer multicast protocols and are increasingly being use...

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... delivery path. TCP is used to provide reliable communicationbetween each pair of peer proxies on the overlay. Some other recent projects (Chord [21], Content AddressableNetworks (CAN) [16], Tapestry =-=[23]-=- and Pastry [18]) havealso addressed the scalability issue in creating application layer overlays, and are therefore, closely related to our work. CAN definesa virtual d-dimensional Cartesian coordina...

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...l the scenario of a data stream source multicasting to the group. We chose a single end-host, uniformly at random, to be the data source generating a constant bit rate 5 There are some recent studies =-=[20, 1]-=- to show that this may not always be the case; however, we use the native unicast latency as the reference to compare the performance of the other schemes. data. Each packet in the data sequence, effe...

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...EXPERIMENTS We have implemented a packet-level simulator for the four different protocols. Our network topologies were generated using the Transit-Stub graphmodel, using the GT-ITM topology generator =-=[5]-=-. All topologies in these simulations had 10; 000 routers with an average node degree between 3 and 4. End-hosts were attached to a set of routers, chosen uniformly at random, from among the stubdomai...

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...mber of hosts in the network. Pastry [19] is a self-organizing overlay network of nodes, where logical peer relationships on the overlay are based on matching prefixes of the node identifiers. Scribe =-=[6]-=- is a large-scale event notification infrastructure that leverages the Pastry system to create groups and build efficient application layer multicast paths to the group members for dissemination of ev...

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...pted by most commercial ISPs, and thus large parts of the Internet are still incapable of native multicast more than a decade after the protocols were developed.sApplication-Layer Multicast protocols =-=[9, 11, 6, 13, 14, 24, 17]-=- do not change the network infrastructure, instead they implement multicast forwarding functionality exclusively at end-hosts. Such application-layer multicast protocols and are increasingly being use...

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... Tapestry overlay location and routing system [23]. A level of the hierarchy is defined by a set of hosts that share a common suffix in their host IDs. Such a technique was proposed by Plaxton et.al. =-=[15]-=- for locating and routing to named objects in a network. Therefore, hosts in Bayeux maintain O(b log b N) state and end-to-end overlay paths have O(log b N) application level hops. As discussed in Sec...

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...pted by most commercial ISPs, and thus large parts of the Internet are still incapable of native multicast more than a decade after the protocols were developed.sApplication-Layer Multicast protocols =-=[9, 11, 6, 13, 14, 24, 17]-=- do not change the network infrastructure, instead they implement multicast forwarding functionality exclusively at end-hosts. Such application-layer multicast protocols and are increasingly being use...

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...pted by most commercial ISPs, and thus large parts of the Internet are still incapable of native multicast more than a decade after the protocols were developed.sApplication-Layer Multicast protocols =-=[9, 11, 6, 13, 14, 24, 17]-=- do not change the network infrastructure, instead they implement multicast forwarding functionality exclusively at end-hosts. Such application-layer multicast protocols and are increasingly being use...

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...umber of hosts in the network. Pastry [18] is a self-organizing overlay network of nodes, where logical peer relationships on the overlay are basedon matching prefixes of the node identifiers. Scribe =-=[19]-=- is a large-scale event notification infrastructure that leverages the Pastry system to create groups and build efficient application layer multicast paths to the group members for dissemination of ev...

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...pted by most commercial ISPs, and thus large parts of the Internet are still incapable of native multicast more than a decade after the protocols were developed.sApplication-Layer Multicast protocols =-=[9, 11, 6, 13, 14, 24, 17]-=- do not change the network infrastructure, instead they implement multicast forwarding functionality exclusively at end-hosts. Such application-layer multicast protocols and are increasingly being use...

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... Narada application-layer multicast protocol [9]. Narada was first proposed as an efficient applicationlayer multicast protocol for small group sizes. Extensions to it have subsequently been proposed =-=[8]-=- to tailor its applicability to highbandwidth media-streaming applications for these groups, and have been studied using both simulations and implementation. Lastly, we present results from a wide-are...

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...lations and a wide-area implementation. In the simulation environment, we compare the performance of NICE to three other schemes: multi-unicast, native IP-multicast using the Core Based Tree protocol =-=[2]-=-, and the Narada application-layer multicast protocol (as given in [9]). In the Internet experiments, we benchmark the performance metrics against direct unicast paths to the member hosts. Clearly, na...

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...implementing multicast at the application layer. They can be classified into two broad categories: mesh-first (Narada [9], Gossamer [6]) and tree-first protocols (Yoid [11], ALMI [14], Host-Multicast =-=[22]-=-). Yoid and HostMulticast defines a distributed tree building protocol between the end-hosts, while ALMI uses a centralized algorithm to create a minimum spanning tree rooted at a designated single so...

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...pted by most commercial ISPs, and thus large parts of the Internet are still incapable of native multicast more than a decade after the protocols were developed.sApplication-Layer Multicast protocols =-=[9, 11, 6, 13, 14, 24, 17]-=- do not change the network infrastructure, instead they implement multicast forwarding functionality exclusively at end-hosts. Such application-layer multicast protocols and are increasingly being use...

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...l the scenario of a data stream source multicasting to the group. We chose a single end-host, uniformly at random, to be the data source generating a constant bit rate 5 There are some recent studies =-=[20, 1]-=- to show that this may not always be the case; however, we use the native unicast latency as the reference to compare the performance of the other schemes. data. Each packet in the data sequence, effe...

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...es) into a distribution tree rooted at a central source for single source multicast. A distributed tree-building protocol is used to create this source specific tree, in a manner similar to Yoid. RMX =-=[7]-=- provides support for reliable multicast data delivery to end-hosts using a set of similar proxies, called Reliable Multicast proXies. Application end-hosts are configured to affiliate themselves with...

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...pted by most commercial ISPs, and thus large parts of the Internet are still incapable of native multicast more than a decade after the protocols were developed.sApplication-Layer Multicast protocols =-=[9, 11, 6, 13, 14, 24, 17]-=- do not change the network infrastructure, instead they implement multicast forwarding functionality exclusively at end-hosts. Such application-layer multicast protocols and are increasingly being use...

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...r members in the group. The hierarchical structure is also important for localizing the effect of member failures. The NICE hierarchy describedin this paper is similar to the member hierarchy used in =-=[3]-=- for scalable multicast group re-keying. However, the hierarchy in [3], is layered over a multicast-capable network and is constructed using network multicast services (e.g. scoped expanding ring sear...