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...sis Performance on the MAAS was initially examined for normality and outliers. Multivariate outliers were examined by regressing all items onto a dummy variable and generating the mahalanobis distance (critical χ2 (df>100)= 149.45; p<0.001). Internal reliability was examined using Cronbach’s alpha. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to examine the factor structure of the MAAS and model fit was assessed using three indices: the root mean square residual (RMR; Marsh and Hocevar 1985), the comparative fit index (CFI; Bentler 1990), and the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA; Browne and Cudeck 1993). Criteria for adequate model fit were as follows: RMR≤0.10 (Marsh and Hocevar 1985); CFI≥0.90 (Bentler 1990); and RMSEA≤0.08 (Browne and Cudeck 1993). Ninety percent confidence intervals (CI) were also calculated for the RMSEA.To assess the relationship between the MAAS and self-reported meditation, participants were dichotomized based on meditation experience and compared using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Continuous analyses were conducted using Pearson’s product-moment (r) correlation. Participants with no experience with meditation were assigned a zero value, but nonetheless in...

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... consent and received one research credit for participation. Data Analysis Performance on the MAAS was initially examined for normality and outliers. Multivariate outliers were examined by regressing all items onto a dummy variable and generating the mahalanobis distance (critical χ2 (df>100)= 149.45; p<0.001). Internal reliability was examined using Cronbach’s alpha. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to examine the factor structure of the MAAS and model fit was assessed using three indices: the root mean square residual (RMR; Marsh and Hocevar 1985), the comparative fit index (CFI; Bentler 1990), and the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA; Browne and Cudeck 1993). Criteria for adequate model fit were as follows: RMR≤0.10 (Marsh and Hocevar 1985); CFI≥0.90 (Bentler 1990); and RMSEA≤0.08 (Browne and Cudeck 1993). Ninety percent confidence intervals (CI) were also calculated for the RMSEA.To assess the relationship between the MAAS and self-reported meditation, participants were dichotomized based on meditation experience and compared using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Continuous analyses were conducted using Pearson’s product-moment (r) correlation. Participants ...

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...th meditation should not be presumed to be associated with greater mindfulness. Keywords Mindfulness . Meditation . Psychometric validation . Factor analysis The concept of mindfulness is a central aspect of ancient Buddhist philosophy (Das 1997; Suzuki 1964), but has recently become an increasingly prominent construct in clinical psychology. Although there are a number of conceptualizations of mindfulness (for a review, see Zvolensky et al. 2005), it can broadly be described as objective experiential awareness and is believed to be a psychological property that can be cultivated or depleted (Brown and Ryan 2003; Kabat-Zinn 1990; Teasdale et al. 1994), the latter sometimes being described as a state of “mindlessness.” From both Buddhist and psychological standpoints, the development of greater mindfulness has been proposed to promote psychological health and wellbeing (Das 1997; Kabat-Zinn 1990; Suzuki 1964). Based on this premise, mindfulness has recently been incorporated into a number of psychological treatments, which have been associated with significant improvements in functioning in many clinical populations, including individuals suffering from depression and other mood disorders (Robins 2002...

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...not be presumed to be associated with greater mindfulness. Keywords Mindfulness . Meditation . Psychometric validation . Factor analysis The concept of mindfulness is a central aspect of ancient Buddhist philosophy (Das 1997; Suzuki 1964), but has recently become an increasingly prominent construct in clinical psychology. Although there are a number of conceptualizations of mindfulness (for a review, see Zvolensky et al. 2005), it can broadly be described as objective experiential awareness and is believed to be a psychological property that can be cultivated or depleted (Brown and Ryan 2003; Kabat-Zinn 1990; Teasdale et al. 1994), the latter sometimes being described as a state of “mindlessness.” From both Buddhist and psychological standpoints, the development of greater mindfulness has been proposed to promote psychological health and wellbeing (Das 1997; Kabat-Zinn 1990; Suzuki 1964). Based on this premise, mindfulness has recently been incorporated into a number of psychological treatments, which have been associated with significant improvements in functioning in many clinical populations, including individuals suffering from depression and other mood disorders (Robins 2002; Teasdale et al....

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...s< 0.001), provided in Table 1. To explore whether an alternative factor structure was evident in men, an exploratory factor analysis using a principal axis (common) factors extraction and direct oblimin rotation was conducted. Examination of the eigenvalues revealed a single factor structure. An initial factor had an eigenvalue of 5.33 accounting for 33.55% of the variance, and all subsequent factors had eignenvalues less than 0.60, accounting for less than 4% of the variance. In addition, all item loadings (range: 0.31–0.79) on the identified factor met the commonly used convention of 0.30 (Tabachnick and Fidell 2001), suggesting a unidimensional factor structure. Ten percent (n=69) of the sample reported any experience with meditation. No significant differences were identified between participants with meditation experience and those without, F (1, 707)=0.05, p>0.80. The mean on the MAAS for participants with experience (M=4.03, SE= 0.10) was approximately the same as the mean for those without (M=4.00, SE=0.03). With regard to the degree of experience with meditation, experience ranged from 1 year or less to 10 years, with the modal response being one year or less (65%; n=45). Based on substantial posit...

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...ns over two semesters. All participants provided informed consent and received one research credit for participation. Data Analysis Performance on the MAAS was initially examined for normality and outliers. Multivariate outliers were examined by regressing all items onto a dummy variable and generating the mahalanobis distance (critical χ2 (df>100)= 149.45; p<0.001). Internal reliability was examined using Cronbach’s alpha. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to examine the factor structure of the MAAS and model fit was assessed using three indices: the root mean square residual (RMR; Marsh and Hocevar 1985), the comparative fit index (CFI; Bentler 1990), and the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA; Browne and Cudeck 1993). Criteria for adequate model fit were as follows: RMR≤0.10 (Marsh and Hocevar 1985); CFI≥0.90 (Bentler 1990); and RMSEA≤0.08 (Browne and Cudeck 1993). Ninety percent confidence intervals (CI) were also calculated for the RMSEA.To assess the relationship between the MAAS and self-reported meditation, participants were dichotomized based on meditation experience and compared using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Continuous analyses were conducted using Pearson’...

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...pt in the practice of mindfulness. In light of this possibility, the current findings suggest that the MAAS may have clinical utility in objectively gauging an individual’s level of mindfulness. A second unanticipated finding was that the single factor structure of the MAAS was not confirmed in men, suggesting that the MAAS is less valid for use in men. However, this appears to have been a function of the sample size of the subsample of men (n=233), which had lower statistical power than the subsample of women (n= 377) and fell short of commonly used recommendations for conducting CFA (n>300; Ullman 2001). Although speculative, this explanation is supported by the uniformly significant item loadings for men, the similar magnitudes of association by item as women (Table 1), the similarly high internal reliability as women, and the follow-up exploratory factor analysis suggesting a single factor structure was indeed the best fit for the data. Finally, it should be noted that the current study has a number of limitations. For example, the assessment of participants’ meditative practices was not exhaustive and a fine-grained analysis of the various types of meditative practices could not be conduc...

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...ted strong psychometric properties, including both convergent and divergent validity with other measures of psychological well-being. Additionally, it was shown to differentiate between the general public and experienced Zen Buddhist practitioners, a group presumed to have substantial capacity for mindfulness. Finally, Brown and Ryan demonstrated that scores on the MAAS improved over time during an 8-week standardized mindfulness-based stress reduction program, which had been previously shown to be effective in reducing psychological distress in chronic pain (Kabat-Zinn et al. 1987), anxiety (Kabat-Zinn et al. 1992; Miller et al. 1995) and other chronic medical conditions (e.g., Logsdon-Conradsen 2002; Mills and Allen 2000). Importantly, Brown and Ryan found that changes on the MAAS were related to changes in self-reported well-being. The potential utility of the MAAS has also been supported by a recent examination of its capacity to incrementally predict depressive and anxious symptomatology (Zvolensky et al. 2006). In that study, mindfulness, as measured by the MAAS, exhibited incremental validity in predicting anhedonic depressive symptoms, further bolstering the notion that it may play a significant...

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...properties, including both convergent and divergent validity with other measures of psychological well-being. Additionally, it was shown to differentiate between the general public and experienced Zen Buddhist practitioners, a group presumed to have substantial capacity for mindfulness. Finally, Brown and Ryan demonstrated that scores on the MAAS improved over time during an 8-week standardized mindfulness-based stress reduction program, which had been previously shown to be effective in reducing psychological distress in chronic pain (Kabat-Zinn et al. 1987), anxiety (Kabat-Zinn et al. 1992; Miller et al. 1995) and other chronic medical conditions (e.g., Logsdon-Conradsen 2002; Mills and Allen 2000). Importantly, Brown and Ryan found that changes on the MAAS were related to changes in self-reported well-being. The potential utility of the MAAS has also been supported by a recent examination of its capacity to incrementally predict depressive and anxious symptomatology (Zvolensky et al. 2006). In that study, mindfulness, as measured by the MAAS, exhibited incremental validity in predicting anhedonic depressive symptoms, further bolstering the notion that it may play a significant role in psychologica...

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...o be associated with greater mindfulness. Keywords Mindfulness . Meditation . Psychometric validation . Factor analysis The concept of mindfulness is a central aspect of ancient Buddhist philosophy (Das 1997; Suzuki 1964), but has recently become an increasingly prominent construct in clinical psychology. Although there are a number of conceptualizations of mindfulness (for a review, see Zvolensky et al. 2005), it can broadly be described as objective experiential awareness and is believed to be a psychological property that can be cultivated or depleted (Brown and Ryan 2003; Kabat-Zinn 1990; Teasdale et al. 1994), the latter sometimes being described as a state of “mindlessness.” From both Buddhist and psychological standpoints, the development of greater mindfulness has been proposed to promote psychological health and wellbeing (Das 1997; Kabat-Zinn 1990; Suzuki 1964). Based on this premise, mindfulness has recently been incorporated into a number of psychological treatments, which have been associated with significant improvements in functioning in many clinical populations, including individuals suffering from depression and other mood disorders (Robins 2002; Teasdale et al. 1994, 2000), addictive...

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...ave been associated with significant improvements in functioning in many clinical populations, including individuals suffering from depression and other mood disorders (Robins 2002; Teasdale et al. 1994, 2000), addictive disorders (Marlatt 2002; Witkiewitz et al. 2005), chronic pain (Kabat-Zinn et al. 1987), cardiopulmonary disease (Solberg et al. 1995), and various other medical conditions (e.g., Logsdon-Conradsen 2002; Mills and Allen 2000). Although the results from these interventions are encouraging, many of the aforementioned studies have been criticized on methodological grounds (e.g., Bishop 2002; Relman and Angell 2002; Relman et al. 2001; Roemer and Orsillo 2002). Many mindfulness-based treatment studies have serious methodological problems that undermine their clinical utility and the potential dissemination of the findings (Bishop 2002). Moreover, although the effectiveness of mindfulness-based treatments is often examined, no studies have isolated and evaluated the mindfulness component of a treatment intervention J Psychopathol Behav Assess (2007) 29:289–293 DOI 10.1007/s10862-007-9045-1 J. MacKillop : E. J. Anderson State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, USA J....

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...s.” From both Buddhist and psychological standpoints, the development of greater mindfulness has been proposed to promote psychological health and wellbeing (Das 1997; Kabat-Zinn 1990; Suzuki 1964). Based on this premise, mindfulness has recently been incorporated into a number of psychological treatments, which have been associated with significant improvements in functioning in many clinical populations, including individuals suffering from depression and other mood disorders (Robins 2002; Teasdale et al. 1994, 2000), addictive disorders (Marlatt 2002; Witkiewitz et al. 2005), chronic pain (Kabat-Zinn et al. 1987), cardiopulmonary disease (Solberg et al. 1995), and various other medical conditions (e.g., Logsdon-Conradsen 2002; Mills and Allen 2000). Although the results from these interventions are encouraging, many of the aforementioned studies have been criticized on methodological grounds (e.g., Bishop 2002; Relman and Angell 2002; Relman et al. 2001; Roemer and Orsillo 2002). Many mindfulness-based treatment studies have serious methodological problems that undermine their clinical utility and the potential dissemination of the findings (Bishop 2002). Moreover, although the effectiveness of mindfu...

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...tioning in many clinical populations, including individuals suffering from depression and other mood disorders (Robins 2002; Teasdale et al. 1994, 2000), addictive disorders (Marlatt 2002; Witkiewitz et al. 2005), chronic pain (Kabat-Zinn et al. 1987), cardiopulmonary disease (Solberg et al. 1995), and various other medical conditions (e.g., Logsdon-Conradsen 2002; Mills and Allen 2000). Although the results from these interventions are encouraging, many of the aforementioned studies have been criticized on methodological grounds (e.g., Bishop 2002; Relman and Angell 2002; Relman et al. 2001; Roemer and Orsillo 2002). Many mindfulness-based treatment studies have serious methodological problems that undermine their clinical utility and the potential dissemination of the findings (Bishop 2002). Moreover, although the effectiveness of mindfulness-based treatments is often examined, no studies have isolated and evaluated the mindfulness component of a treatment intervention J Psychopathol Behav Assess (2007) 29:289–293 DOI 10.1007/s10862-007-9045-1 J. MacKillop : E. J. Anderson State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, USA J. MacKillop (*) Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown Univers...

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...ditation experience would be positively associated with performance on the MAAS. The study used a large, university-based sample to partially overlap with Brown and Ryan’s (2003) initial development study, but also to diverge from that study in examining mindfulness and self-reported meditation in a nonselected sample, more representative of the general population than advanced Zen practitioners. In addition, this sample was selected to further validate the MAAS in a sample similar to those commonly used to characterize the relationship between mindfulness and mental or physical health (e.g., Astin 1997; Leigh et al. 2005; Zvolensky et al. 2006). Materials and Methods Participants Participants were 727 students recruited at the State University of New York at Binghamton. Of these individuals, 16 did not provide complete MAAS data and were excluded from subsequent analyses. Of those who provided complete data, the sample was 63% (n=448) Caucasian; 23% (n=164) Asian/Asian American; 3% (n=23) African American; 4% (n=29) Latino/Latina; <1% (n=3) American Indian; 2% (n=16) Biracial; <1% (n=5) Pacific Islander; 2% (n=13) “Other;” and 2% (n=11) declined to answer. Participants were primarily colleg...

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...tion of the findings (Bishop 2002). Moreover, although the effectiveness of mindfulness-based treatments is often examined, no studies have isolated and evaluated the mindfulness component of a treatment intervention J Psychopathol Behav Assess (2007) 29:289–293 DOI 10.1007/s10862-007-9045-1 J. MacKillop : E. J. Anderson State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, USA J. MacKillop (*) Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Box G-BH, Providence, RI 02912, USA e-mail: james_mackillop@brown.edu E. J. Anderson Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA (Dimidjian and Linehan 2003). Thus, there is a need for rigorous experimental and treatment outcome research in determining the role of mindfulness in positive clinical outcomes (Bishop 2002; Roemer and Orsillo 2002). However, such research is impeded by a lack of wellvalidated measures of mindfulness. To address this issue, Brown and Ryan (2003) developed the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), which is a promising self-report measure of mindfulness. The MAAS purports to measure a conceptualization of mindfulness as “the presence or absence of attention to, and awareness of, what is occurring in the present moment...

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...ng described as a state of “mindlessness.” From both Buddhist and psychological standpoints, the development of greater mindfulness has been proposed to promote psychological health and wellbeing (Das 1997; Kabat-Zinn 1990; Suzuki 1964). Based on this premise, mindfulness has recently been incorporated into a number of psychological treatments, which have been associated with significant improvements in functioning in many clinical populations, including individuals suffering from depression and other mood disorders (Robins 2002; Teasdale et al. 1994, 2000), addictive disorders (Marlatt 2002; Witkiewitz et al. 2005), chronic pain (Kabat-Zinn et al. 1987), cardiopulmonary disease (Solberg et al. 1995), and various other medical conditions (e.g., Logsdon-Conradsen 2002; Mills and Allen 2000). Although the results from these interventions are encouraging, many of the aforementioned studies have been criticized on methodological grounds (e.g., Bishop 2002; Relman and Angell 2002; Relman et al. 2001; Roemer and Orsillo 2002). Many mindfulness-based treatment studies have serious methodological problems that undermine their clinical utility and the potential dissemination of the findings (Bishop 2002). Moreove...

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... of men, apparently due to power limitations. No categorical differences were evident based on experience with meditation, and MAAS performance was not significantly associated with experience with meditation. These findings are interpreted as broadly supporting the MAAS as a valid measure of mindfulness, but suggesting that novice-level experience with meditation should not be presumed to be associated with greater mindfulness. Keywords Mindfulness . Meditation . Psychometric validation . Factor analysis The concept of mindfulness is a central aspect of ancient Buddhist philosophy (Das 1997; Suzuki 1964), but has recently become an increasingly prominent construct in clinical psychology. Although there are a number of conceptualizations of mindfulness (for a review, see Zvolensky et al. 2005), it can broadly be described as objective experiential awareness and is believed to be a psychological property that can be cultivated or depleted (Brown and Ryan 2003; Kabat-Zinn 1990; Teasdale et al. 1994), the latter sometimes being described as a state of “mindlessness.” From both Buddhist and psychological standpoints, the development of greater mindfulness has been proposed to promote psychological...

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... sometimes being described as a state of “mindlessness.” From both Buddhist and psychological standpoints, the development of greater mindfulness has been proposed to promote psychological health and wellbeing (Das 1997; Kabat-Zinn 1990; Suzuki 1964). Based on this premise, mindfulness has recently been incorporated into a number of psychological treatments, which have been associated with significant improvements in functioning in many clinical populations, including individuals suffering from depression and other mood disorders (Robins 2002; Teasdale et al. 1994, 2000), addictive disorders (Marlatt 2002; Witkiewitz et al. 2005), chronic pain (Kabat-Zinn et al. 1987), cardiopulmonary disease (Solberg et al. 1995), and various other medical conditions (e.g., Logsdon-Conradsen 2002; Mills and Allen 2000). Although the results from these interventions are encouraging, many of the aforementioned studies have been criticized on methodological grounds (e.g., Bishop 2002; Relman and Angell 2002; Relman et al. 2001; Roemer and Orsillo 2002). Many mindfulness-based treatment studies have serious methodological problems that undermine their clinical utility and the potential dissemination of the findin...

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...th and wellbeing (Das 1997; Kabat-Zinn 1990; Suzuki 1964). Based on this premise, mindfulness has recently been incorporated into a number of psychological treatments, which have been associated with significant improvements in functioning in many clinical populations, including individuals suffering from depression and other mood disorders (Robins 2002; Teasdale et al. 1994, 2000), addictive disorders (Marlatt 2002; Witkiewitz et al. 2005), chronic pain (Kabat-Zinn et al. 1987), cardiopulmonary disease (Solberg et al. 1995), and various other medical conditions (e.g., Logsdon-Conradsen 2002; Mills and Allen 2000). Although the results from these interventions are encouraging, many of the aforementioned studies have been criticized on methodological grounds (e.g., Bishop 2002; Relman and Angell 2002; Relman et al. 2001; Roemer and Orsillo 2002). Many mindfulness-based treatment studies have serious methodological problems that undermine their clinical utility and the potential dissemination of the findings (Bishop 2002). Moreover, although the effectiveness of mindfulness-based treatments is often examined, no studies have isolated and evaluated the mindfulness component of a treatment intervention J P...

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...erience would be positively associated with performance on the MAAS. The study used a large, university-based sample to partially overlap with Brown and Ryan’s (2003) initial development study, but also to diverge from that study in examining mindfulness and self-reported meditation in a nonselected sample, more representative of the general population than advanced Zen practitioners. In addition, this sample was selected to further validate the MAAS in a sample similar to those commonly used to characterize the relationship between mindfulness and mental or physical health (e.g., Astin 1997; Leigh et al. 2005; Zvolensky et al. 2006). Materials and Methods Participants Participants were 727 students recruited at the State University of New York at Binghamton. Of these individuals, 16 did not provide complete MAAS data and were excluded from subsequent analyses. Of those who provided complete data, the sample was 63% (n=448) Caucasian; 23% (n=164) Asian/Asian American; 3% (n=23) African American; 4% (n=29) Latino/Latina; <1% (n=3) American Indian; 2% (n=16) Biracial; <1% (n=5) Pacific Islander; 2% (n=13) “Other;” and 2% (n=11) declined to answer. Participants were primarily college freshman and soph...

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...ese findings should be considered cautiously and as but among the first steps toward understanding the relationship between mindfulness and psychological disorders. The purpose of the current study was to further validate the MAAS as a measure for assessing mindfulness in two ways. The first goal was to use confirmatory factor analysis to validate unidimensional factor structure of the MAAS, both in a large mixed sample and separately by gender. Given that the MAAS is conceptually based in self-regulation theory (Brown and Ryan 2003) and self-regulation varies by gender in some domains (e.g., Nolen-Hoeksema and Corte 2004), the study sought to examine potential gender differences in mindfulness, a possibility heretofore unaddressed in the existing empirical literature. Based on its promise in empirical research to date, the MAAS was predicted to exhibit robust psychometric properties across these analyses. Second, meditation has been repeatedly proposed to generate greater mindfulness (Das 1997; Suzuki 1964), therefore, the study sought to examine the relationship between the MAAS and self-reported experience with meditation, predicting that individuals with experience with meditation would perform higher on th...

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...experience with meditation. These findings are interpreted as broadly supporting the MAAS as a valid measure of mindfulness, but suggesting that novice-level experience with meditation should not be presumed to be associated with greater mindfulness. Keywords Mindfulness . Meditation . Psychometric validation . Factor analysis The concept of mindfulness is a central aspect of ancient Buddhist philosophy (Das 1997; Suzuki 1964), but has recently become an increasingly prominent construct in clinical psychology. Although there are a number of conceptualizations of mindfulness (for a review, see Zvolensky et al. 2005), it can broadly be described as objective experiential awareness and is believed to be a psychological property that can be cultivated or depleted (Brown and Ryan 2003; Kabat-Zinn 1990; Teasdale et al. 1994), the latter sometimes being described as a state of “mindlessness.” From both Buddhist and psychological standpoints, the development of greater mindfulness has been proposed to promote psychological health and wellbeing (Das 1997; Kabat-Zinn 1990; Suzuki 1964). Based on this premise, mindfulness has recently been incorporated into a number of psychological treatments, which have been ass...

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... subsample of men, apparently due to power limitations. No categorical differences were evident based on experience with meditation, and MAAS performance was not significantly associated with experience with meditation. These findings are interpreted as broadly supporting the MAAS as a valid measure of mindfulness, but suggesting that novice-level experience with meditation should not be presumed to be associated with greater mindfulness. Keywords Mindfulness . Meditation . Psychometric validation . Factor analysis The concept of mindfulness is a central aspect of ancient Buddhist philosophy (Das 1997; Suzuki 1964), but has recently become an increasingly prominent construct in clinical psychology. Although there are a number of conceptualizations of mindfulness (for a review, see Zvolensky et al. 2005), it can broadly be described as objective experiential awareness and is believed to be a psychological property that can be cultivated or depleted (Brown and Ryan 2003; Kabat-Zinn 1990; Teasdale et al. 1994), the latter sometimes being described as a state of “mindlessness.” From both Buddhist and psychological standpoints, the development of greater mindfulness has been proposed to promote...

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...ts, the development of greater mindfulness has been proposed to promote psychological health and wellbeing (Das 1997; Kabat-Zinn 1990; Suzuki 1964). Based on this premise, mindfulness has recently been incorporated into a number of psychological treatments, which have been associated with significant improvements in functioning in many clinical populations, including individuals suffering from depression and other mood disorders (Robins 2002; Teasdale et al. 1994, 2000), addictive disorders (Marlatt 2002; Witkiewitz et al. 2005), chronic pain (Kabat-Zinn et al. 1987), cardiopulmonary disease (Solberg et al. 1995), and various other medical conditions (e.g., Logsdon-Conradsen 2002; Mills and Allen 2000). Although the results from these interventions are encouraging, many of the aforementioned studies have been criticized on methodological grounds (e.g., Bishop 2002; Relman and Angell 2002; Relman et al. 2001; Roemer and Orsillo 2002). Many mindfulness-based treatment studies have serious methodological problems that undermine their clinical utility and the potential dissemination of the findings (Bishop 2002). Moreover, although the effectiveness of mindfulness-based treatments is often examined, no st...

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...omote psychological health and wellbeing (Das 1997; Kabat-Zinn 1990; Suzuki 1964). Based on this premise, mindfulness has recently been incorporated into a number of psychological treatments, which have been associated with significant improvements in functioning in many clinical populations, including individuals suffering from depression and other mood disorders (Robins 2002; Teasdale et al. 1994, 2000), addictive disorders (Marlatt 2002; Witkiewitz et al. 2005), chronic pain (Kabat-Zinn et al. 1987), cardiopulmonary disease (Solberg et al. 1995), and various other medical conditions (e.g., Logsdon-Conradsen 2002; Mills and Allen 2000). Although the results from these interventions are encouraging, many of the aforementioned studies have been criticized on methodological grounds (e.g., Bishop 2002; Relman and Angell 2002; Relman et al. 2001; Roemer and Orsillo 2002). Many mindfulness-based treatment studies have serious methodological problems that undermine their clinical utility and the potential dissemination of the findings (Bishop 2002). Moreover, although the effectiveness of mindfulness-based treatments is often examined, no studies have isolated and evaluated the mindfulness component of a tre...

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...ciated with significant improvements in functioning in many clinical populations, including individuals suffering from depression and other mood disorders (Robins 2002; Teasdale et al. 1994, 2000), addictive disorders (Marlatt 2002; Witkiewitz et al. 2005), chronic pain (Kabat-Zinn et al. 1987), cardiopulmonary disease (Solberg et al. 1995), and various other medical conditions (e.g., Logsdon-Conradsen 2002; Mills and Allen 2000). Although the results from these interventions are encouraging, many of the aforementioned studies have been criticized on methodological grounds (e.g., Bishop 2002; Relman and Angell 2002; Relman et al. 2001; Roemer and Orsillo 2002). Many mindfulness-based treatment studies have serious methodological problems that undermine their clinical utility and the potential dissemination of the findings (Bishop 2002). Moreover, although the effectiveness of mindfulness-based treatments is often examined, no studies have isolated and evaluated the mindfulness component of a treatment intervention J Psychopathol Behav Assess (2007) 29:289–293 DOI 10.1007/s10862-007-9045-1 J. MacKillop : E. J. Anderson State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, USA J. MacKillop (*) Center fo...

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...standardized mindfulness-based stress reduction program, which had been previously shown to be effective in reducing psychological distress in chronic pain (Kabat-Zinn et al. 1987), anxiety (Kabat-Zinn et al. 1992; Miller et al. 1995) and other chronic medical conditions (e.g., Logsdon-Conradsen 2002; Mills and Allen 2000). Importantly, Brown and Ryan found that changes on the MAAS were related to changes in self-reported well-being. The potential utility of the MAAS has also been supported by a recent examination of its capacity to incrementally predict depressive and anxious symptomatology (Zvolensky et al. 2006). In that study, mindfulness, as measured by the MAAS, exhibited incremental validity in predicting anhedonic depressive symptoms, further bolstering the notion that it may play a significant role in psychological and physical health. Interestingly, mindfulness did not incrementally predict anxious arousal, suggesting that the role of mindfulness may be specific to certain psychological phenomena. However, Zvolensky et al. (2006) note that given the sparse empirical literature actually examining mindfulness, these findings should be considered cautiously and as but among the first steps toward...

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...improvements in functioning in many clinical populations, including individuals suffering from depression and other mood disorders (Robins 2002; Teasdale et al. 1994, 2000), addictive disorders (Marlatt 2002; Witkiewitz et al. 2005), chronic pain (Kabat-Zinn et al. 1987), cardiopulmonary disease (Solberg et al. 1995), and various other medical conditions (e.g., Logsdon-Conradsen 2002; Mills and Allen 2000). Although the results from these interventions are encouraging, many of the aforementioned studies have been criticized on methodological grounds (e.g., Bishop 2002; Relman and Angell 2002; Relman et al. 2001; Roemer and Orsillo 2002). Many mindfulness-based treatment studies have serious methodological problems that undermine their clinical utility and the potential dissemination of the findings (Bishop 2002). Moreover, although the effectiveness of mindfulness-based treatments is often examined, no studies have isolated and evaluated the mindfulness component of a treatment intervention J Psychopathol Behav Assess (2007) 29:289–293 DOI 10.1007/s10862-007-9045-1 J. MacKillop : E. J. Anderson State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, USA J. MacKillop (*) Center for Alcohol and Addict...

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...d Ryan 2003; Kabat-Zinn 1990; Teasdale et al. 1994), the latter sometimes being described as a state of “mindlessness.” From both Buddhist and psychological standpoints, the development of greater mindfulness has been proposed to promote psychological health and wellbeing (Das 1997; Kabat-Zinn 1990; Suzuki 1964). Based on this premise, mindfulness has recently been incorporated into a number of psychological treatments, which have been associated with significant improvements in functioning in many clinical populations, including individuals suffering from depression and other mood disorders (Robins 2002; Teasdale et al. 1994, 2000), addictive disorders (Marlatt 2002; Witkiewitz et al. 2005), chronic pain (Kabat-Zinn et al. 1987), cardiopulmonary disease (Solberg et al. 1995), and various other medical conditions (e.g., Logsdon-Conradsen 2002; Mills and Allen 2000). Although the results from these interventions are encouraging, many of the aforementioned studies have been criticized on methodological grounds (e.g., Bishop 2002; Relman and Angell 2002; Relman et al. 2001; Roemer and Orsillo 2002). Many mindfulness-based treatment studies have serious methodological problems that undermine thei...