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...cher ratios in school are associated with higher adult earnings, while randomized trials in Tennessee and Ontario provide evidence for bene�cial effects of randomly assigned reductions in class size [=-=Finn and Achilles 1990-=-; Wright, Shapson, Eason, and Fitzgerald 1977]. But results from the Glass et al. meta-analyses have been questioned [Slavin 1989], and Hanushek’s [1986, 1996] surveys of research on the effects of sc...

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...t the low end of the range found in the STAR experiment. While these results may seem undramatic, even apparently small effect sizes can translate into large movements through the score distribution [=-=Mosteller 1995-=-]. For example, the gap between the quartiles and the median reading score for the class averages of Israeli �fth graders is less than two-thirds of a standard deviation. We can also compare the resul...

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.... Moreover, without assuming that the behavioral relationship of interest is truly linear with constant coefficients, statistical theory provides little guidance as to the choice of weighting scheme [=-=Deaton 1995-=-; Pfefferman and Smith 1985]. We therefore report conventional ordinary least squares (OLS) and instrumental variables estimates of (3), along with standard errors corrected for intraschool correlatio...

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... enrollments in segment j. Use of the three variables z1sc, z2sc, z3sc as instruments while controlling for segment effects produces a linear combination of the three Wald estimates for each segment [=-=Angrist 1991-=-]. This setup captures the quasi-experimental spirit of identi�cation using Maimonides’ rule because the resulting estimator is constructed from simple comparisons of means. Instrumental variables est...

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... This is because schools can sometimes afford to add extra classes before reaching the maximum class size. For example, schools may receive funds to support more classes if they have a high PD index [=-=Lavy 1995-=-]. These funds represent a deliberate attempt to offset the effects of socioeconomic background, and can also be used to add hours of instruction and teachers to those schools where the PD index is hi...

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...cial effects of randomly assigned reductions in class size [Finn and Achilles 1990; Wright, Shapson, Eason, and Fitzgerald 1977]. But results from the Glass et al. meta-analyses have been questioned [=-=Slavin 1989-=-], and Hanushek’s [1986, 1996] surveys of research on the effects of school inputs, including pupil-teacher ratios, report a range of �ndings. Recently, Card and Krueger’s studies of the school qualit...

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...ithout assuming that the behavioral relationship of interest is truly linear with constant coefficients, statistical theory provides little guidance as to the choice of weighting scheme [Deaton 1995; =-=Pfefferman and Smith 1985-=-]. We therefore report conventional ordinary least squares (OLS) and instrumental variables estimates of (3), along with standard errors corrected for intraschool correlation using the formulas in Mou...

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...r. If the number in the class exceeds twenty-five but is not more than forty, he should have an assistant to help with the instruction. If there are more than forty, two teachers must be appointed’’ [=-=Hyamson 1937-=-, p. 58b].1 Interestingly, while Maimonides’ maximum of 40 students was partly derived by interpreting the Talmud, this rule leads to smaller classes than the Talmudic rule, which allows a maximum siz...

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...er developed countries. In addition to cultural and political differences, Israel has a lower standard of living and spends less on education per pupil than the United States and some OECD countries [=-=Klinov 1992-=-; OECD 1993]. And, as noted above, Israel also has larger class sizes than the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada.570 QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS So the results presented here may be showin...

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...countries. In addition to cultural and political differences, Israel has a lower standard of living and spends less on education per pupil than the United States and some OECD countries [Klinov 1992; =-=OECD 1993-=-]. And, as noted above, Israel also has larger class sizes than the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada.570 QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS So the results presented here may be showing evidence ...

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...er. If the number in the class exceeds twenty-ve but is not more than forty, he should have an assistant to help with the instruction. If there are more than forty, two teachers must be appointed’’ [=-=Hyamson 1937-=-, p. 58b].1 Interestingly, while Maimonides’ maximum of 40 students was partly derived by interpreting the Talmud, this rule leads to smaller classes than the Talmudic rule, which allows a maximum siz...