Citation Context

...c identity on the geneticscounseling process. 162 genetic counselors, 58 of whom self-identified as being from ansethnic minority group, completed the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM) scales(=-=Phinney, 1992-=-). The survey also included additional questions from the Benet-MartinezsAcculturation scale (BMAS) (Benet-Martinez, 2006), demographic data, and questionssregarding patient preference and cross-cultu...

Citation Context

...al counseling with a particular focus on methods for improvement. An importantstenant of cross-cultural counseling is recognition that different cultures will requiresdifferent counseling approaches (=-=Sue & Sue, 1990-=-).sOne popular strategy suggests that ascounselor should introduce themselves in the patient’s native language and interspersestheir counseling with (correctly interpreted) phrases; this indicates tha...

Citation Context

...es as being a part of ansethnic group, establishing their cultural and ethnic identity.sCultural identity is asconstruct that encompasses a person’s “cultural practices, values, and identifications”s(=-=Schwartz, Unger, Zamboanga, & Szapocznik, 2010-=-, p. 237).sA component of culturalsidentity, ethnic identity can be defined as “an enduring, fundamental aspect of the selfsthat includes a sense of membership in an ethnic group and the attitudes and...

Citation Context

...n a counseling session.sA culturally competent counselor should be aware of thesinfluence of his or her own cultural values on interactions with patients and peerss(Uhlmann, Schuette, & Yashar, 2011; =-=Weil, 2000-=-).sFocusing specifically on counselorssfrom cultural/ethnic minorities, this mixed-methods study sought to empirically evaluatesthe influence of a counselor’s cultural values and ethnic identity on th...

Citation Context

...ed by thesexperience of acculturation. This identity reflects the value individuals place on theirsnative culture when “surrounded by receiving-culture peers, media influences, beliefs,sand customs” (=-=Schwartz, Zamboanga, Rodriguez, & Wang, 2007-=-, p. 160). In the U.S.,sethnic identity levels are higher in ethnic minority individuals than in White Americans,s3slikely because American culture is perceived to encompass White American values ands...

Citation Context

...ocial workers, White providers were found to spend more time discussingspatient’s psychological and internal issues while Black providers devoted more time tosdiscussing solutions to external issues (=-=Davis & Gelsomino, 1994-=-).sJapanesespsychologist Arthur Nezu identified the influence of Asian culture values on hisstechnique;s[W]hether it is because of my background (i.e., the Asian Americanscommunity values education)… ...

Citation Context

...ltural and racialsissues”, which will ultimately lead to “an increase of trust, greater perception of therapistscredibility, and an improved therapeutic relationship with culturally diverse clients”s(=-=Burkard, Knox, Groen, Perez, & Hess, 2006-=-, p. 15).sIt may also be helpful for Whitestherapists to openly discuss cultural similarities and differences and be willing to disclosestheir personal experiences.sMuch of the research surrounding cr...

Citation Context

...ing which tools such as physical anthropology were used tosestablish certain ethnic and racial groups as genetically inferior in order to validates10sdiscrimination and perpetuate racial stereotypes (=-=Dennis, 1995-=-; & Sussner et al., 2011);sthe psychosocial impact of these incidents are still felt keenly by the African Americanscommunity.sHistorically, this distrust has been associated with reduced interaction ...

Citation Context

... instability may reflect poorly, not only on the individual butson his or her family as well.sTo avoid shame, it can be common not to share problems orsseek advice from someone outside of the family (=-=Kumar & Nevid, 2010-=-).sIn the EastsAsian culture, there is an emphasis on honor and status; illness signifies weakness whichsleads to shame, therefore discussion and acceptance of illness may not be commonlyspracticed.sA...

Citation Context

...cculturation” describes the process by which an individual adapts to asdifferent culture, typically by adopting and identifying with some of the cultural practicessand values of the dominant culture (=-=Tsai, Chentsova-Dutton, & Wong, 2002-=-).sSeveralsfactors may motivate one to become acculturated into the dominant culture; the primesmotivation being survival by gaining acceptance from the in-group.sIt is common to feelsthreatened by wh...

Citation Context

...ons; this approach issconsidered valid throughout the profession, as evidenced by the fact that the majority ofstraining programs endorse the use of the patient-centered model in counseling practices(=-=Veach et al., 2003-=-).sAlthough changes in counseling approach did not significantly vary based on ascounselor’s sense of affiliation to an ethnic group, this study revealed that youngerscounselors and counselors with le...

Citation Context

...xperiment, which followeds399 African American men infected with syphilis for 40 years without their consent andswithout treatment (Oh & Lewis, 2005), the sickle cell screening program of the 1970’ss(=-=Long, Thomas, Grubs, Gettig, & Krishnamurti, 2011-=-), and the popularity of scientificsracism in the 1800s, during which tools such as physical anthropology were used tosestablish certain ethnic and racial groups as genetically inferior in order to va...

Citation Context

...nd to the geneticscounseling workforce; compared to other mental health and health care providers, geneticscounselors are “among the least likely to be African American, Native American orsHispanic” (=-=Mittman & Downs, 2008-=-).sAccording the 2012 National Society of GeneticsCounselors (NSGC) Professional Status Survey, approximately 1% of genetic counselorssidentify themselves as African-American/Black, 5% identify as Asi...

Citation Context

...discriminationsbased on ethnicity or socioeconomic status.sResearch suggests that these ethnicsdisparities in health care are also heightened by the lack of minority health professionalssin the U.S. (=-=Schoonveld, Veach, & LeRoy, 2007-=-). African Americans, HispanicsAmericans, and American Indians make up more than 25% of the U.S. population, butsrepresent only 9% of nurses, 6% of physicians, and 5% of dentists (Mitchell & Lassiter,...

Citation Context

...nd culturally mismatched practitioner/patient interactions. Berman identifiedsthat college counselors are more expressive and navigate a session easier whensinteracting with culture-matched patients (=-=Berman, 1979-=-).sIn many situations, patientpractitioner similarity fosters a positive working relationship; “individuals perceive thats[the provider is] better able to understand and empathize with their situation...

Citation Context

...counselors were found to be more “attending”, utilizing more open endedsquestions and reflection of feelings, Black counselors were more “expressive” andsprovided more directions and interpretations (=-=Fry, Kropf, & Coe, 1980-=-).sSimilarly, in ascomparison of social workers, White providers were found to spend more time discussingspatient’s psychological and internal issues while Black providers devoted more time tosdiscuss...

Citation Context

... this includes a lack of education about genetically associated conditions suchsas sickle cell disease and trait, which are most prevalent in individuals of African descent,sand less genetic testing (=-=Kessler, Collier, & Halbert, 2007-=-).sWhen counseling memberssof this group, it may be important to avoid the “color-blind” mentality that ignores race,sargues that an African American patient is the same as any other patient, and mays...

Citation Context

... individuals often perceive themselves as similar to both cultures and formsmore culturally diverse friendships. Less integrated individuals are more likely to rejectsthe cultural norms of in-groups (=-=Morris, Mok, & Mor, 2011-=-).sThe development of cultural and ethnic identity occurs in a stage-wise mannersthroughout a person’s lifetime. According to the Racial/Cultural Identity DevelopmentsModel (R/CID), this process occur...

Citation Context

...regardless of class, many Latinos still express distrust for Western medicine.sThissdistrust may stem from fear of social organizations in the United States, as well as havingsan undocumented status (=-=Penchaszadeh, 2001-=-). When working with this group, thesimportance of patient interaction is emphasized; it may be helpful to have patientssexplain what their problems are and prioritize them. The counselor should thens...

Citation Context

...esentation of facts and options to patients , if and howsthey engage patients in consideration of the moral consequences of their decisions, andshow they respond to ethically challenging situations” (=-=Pirzadeh et al., 2007-=-, pp. 763-764).sBecause of this reality, genetic counseling cannot truly be considered a value-neutral orsculture-neutral profession.sThe values that dictate a person’s actions may be directly influen...

Citation Context

... who highly value emotional self-control may feel lessscomfortable discussing personal issues; this value negatively influences the chance thatscounseling with true depth and empathy can be achieved (=-=Wang & Kim, 2010-=-).sWhenscounseling these groups, it may be helpful to take an active and directive stance, provides11sconcrete solutions, and educate patients about the purpose of counseling prior to the firstssessio...

Citation Context

...ethnic minority group, completed the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM) scales(Phinney, 1992). The survey also included additional questions from the Benet-MartinezsAcculturation scale (BMAS) (=-=Benet-Martinez, 2006-=-), demographic data, and questionssregarding patient preference and cross-cultural counseling. 20 counselors participated inssemi-structured telephone interviews to discuss cultural values, cultural c...

Citation Context

...similarity fosters a positive working relationship; “individuals perceive thats[the provider is] better able to understand and empathize with their situations because ofsthe congruence in ethnicity” (=-=Nezu, 2010-=-, p. 174).sWhile identifying with the patientsmay be beneficial to establishing a connection, over-identifying may result inscountertransference.sCountertransference refers to the way a counselor unco...

Citation Context

...the field, including education, socioeconomic status, acculturation, and thesimpact of “external and internal perceptions regarding racial/ethnic minorities and theirscareer behaviors and abilities” (=-=Oh & Lewis, 2005-=-, p. 72).sIt appears that the slowly increasing diversity of health care providers does notsreflect the rapidly increasing diversity of their patient population; this discrepancy maysdirectly influenc...

Citation Context

... occur, it is also possible for a person tosadopt practices of the mainstream culture while maintaining his or her own culturalsbeliefs and a fundamental sense of belonging to a certain ethnic group (=-=Smith, 2006-=-).sThis person incorporates portions of both cultures into his or her identity and exhibitssbiculturalism.sThis incorporation is an acculturation strategy that is becoming moresprevalent in American s...

Citation Context

...sity of counselorssand other health care providers. As such, the majority of literature about counselingstheories is created in a context that primarily “reflects the biases of the dominant culture”s(=-=Stampley, 2008-=-, p. 41). In one account of cross cultural counseling between two ethnicsminorities, the practitioner reflects that, as with culture-matched patients, somesinteractions are positive and some are negat...

Citation Context

...such as physical anthropology were used tosestablish certain ethnic and racial groups as genetically inferior in order to validates10sdiscrimination and perpetuate racial stereotypes (Dennis, 1995; & =-=Sussner et al., 2011-=-);sthe psychosocial impact of these incidents are still felt keenly by the African Americanscommunity.sHistorically, this distrust has been associated with reduced interaction withshealthcare provider...

Citation Context

...ture as well as counselorsculture in a counseling session.sA culturally competent counselor should be aware of thesinfluence of his or her own cultural values on interactions with patients and peerss(=-=Uhlmann, Schuette, & Yashar, 2011-=-; Weil, 2000).sFocusing specifically on counselorssfrom cultural/ethnic minorities, this mixed-methods study sought to empirically evaluatesthe influence of a counselor’s cultural values and ethnic id...

Citation Context

...mmittee,s2013).sIdeally, the goal of cultural competency in genetic counseling is to allowsproviders and patients to “discuss health concerns without cultural differences hinderingsthe conversation” (=-=Warren & Wilson, 2013-=-, p. 6).sGenerally, cultural competencesinvolves enhancement of three key elements:sknowledge, skills and attitudes. It is alsosdriven by a fourth element: desire.sCounselors must genuinely want to le...