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...llowed the author to focus on a broad reality experienced by the respondents while revealing hidden information about the participants and their ways of seeing and interpreting the world around them (=-=Stake, 1995-=-). Therefore, data analysis was done according to phenomenological guidelines, as used in studies of this nature that utilize in-depth interviews with participants (Bernard, 2000). In the current stud...

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...negative attitudes and behaviorssat PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIV on September 17, 2016ijo.sagepub.comDownloaded fromsmanifested in their immediate social surrounding and by their peers (e.g., Akers, 1977; =-=Hirschi, 1969-=-; Matza, 1964). This notion of social environment as generating criminal behavior is crucial to our understanding of the need for supervision. The practice of intensive supervision (as introduced by D...

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...4 sites that utilized the intensive supervision approach, and they found no difference in rearrest rates between routine probationers (controls) and those who received intensive supervision (also see =-=Sherman et al., 1997-=-). Yet some studies provided support for the use of coercive treatment, an important component of the seamless system described earlier, which combines supervision with coerced treatment. For example ...

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... the world around them (Stake, 1995). Therefore, data analysis was done according to phenomenological guidelines, as used in studies of this nature that utilize in-depth interviews with participants (=-=Bernard, 2000-=-). In the current study, after respondent narratives were typed,1 primary categories were drawn from the interviewees’ comments, and each narrative was then examined according to the primary categorie...

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...des and behaviorssat PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIV on September 17, 2016ijo.sagepub.comDownloaded fromsmanifested in their immediate social surrounding and by their peers (e.g., Akers, 1977; Hirschi, 1969; =-=Matza, 1964-=-). This notion of social environment as generating criminal behavior is crucial to our understanding of the need for supervision. The practice of intensive supervision (as introduced by Deschenes, Tur...

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...ves in regard to their need of supervision and continuum of treatment. This is important because being able to identify a need is one of the most significant steps toward recovery and rehabilitation (=-=Prochaska & DiClemente, 1986-=-). In fact, identifying a need is the first stage toward achieving change, in what Prochaska and DiClemente (1986) call the precontemplation stage. In that regard, Gideon / What Shall I Do Now? 5sat P...

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...ity programs returned to custody, in comparison to 75% of the control group (those not supervised after completion of the prison-based program). Similar findings in Delaware by Martin and colleagues (=-=Martin, Butzin, Saum, & Inciardi, 1999-=-) showed significantly lower recidivism and drug relapse among those participating in prison-based TC and aftercare release. Other studies that examined prison-based treatment in conjunction with comm...

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...treatment per se, but more important, because of the supervision it provides. Moreover, continuum of treatment along with supervision was found to have a positive effect on individuals’ behavior (see =-=Cullen, 1994-=-; Hawkins, Arthur, & Catalano, 1995). Furthermore, it is important to note that such a continuum of treatment should be done seamlessly and immediately upon release, meaning from “door to door.” In ot...

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...with community aftercare support the notion that community supervision and postrelease aftercare are crucial factors in reducing recidivism and future drug use rates (Knight, Simpson, & Hiller, 1999; =-=Pearson & Lipton, 1999-=-; Simpson, Wexler, & Inciardi, 1999). Taking into consideration the above findings, this study aims to examine released offenders’ perceptions of community aftercare and supervision. Specifically, the...

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...ision is an important and essential part of their reintegration process. In that regard, the present study joins other studies that indicated drug offenders to be supportive of community supervision (=-=Nelson, Deess, & Allen, 1999-=-; Taxman, Young, & Byrne, 2003). Similar findings are supported by Hanrahan and colleagues (2005), who argued on the basis of the interviews that they conducted that parolees had little confidence in ...

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... found similar concerns among participants in their study. Whereas some studies have shown that intensive supervision is no more effective in reducing recidivism than regular or orthodox supervision (=-=Mackenzie, 2000-=-; Sherman et al., 1997), others provide an opposing view. As mentioned, studies on coerced treatment argue that coercion may be effective in helping transform offending behaviors (Farbaree et al., 199...

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...n-based treatment in conjunction with community aftercare support the notion that community supervision and postrelease aftercare are crucial factors in reducing recidivism and future drug use rates (=-=Knight, Simpson, & Hiller, 1999-=-; Pearson & Lipton, 1999; Simpson, Wexler, & Inciardi, 1999). Taking into consideration the above findings, this study aims to examine released offenders’ perceptions of community aftercare and superv...

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...t will follow. (participant, age 40) The existence of community supervision—and parole in particular—was argued to be an incentive for good behavior and program participation, even if it was coerced (=-=Seiter & Kadela, 2003-=-). Similarly, participants in the present study indicated and emphasized the importance of such coerced supervision upon release, as stated by these four interviewees: I believe that 80%–90% do well w...

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...right 2007 by SAGE Publications.sat PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIV on September 17, 2016ijo.sagepub.comDownloaded froms2 International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology his colleagues (=-=Wexler, Melnick, Lowe, & Peters, 1999-=-) examined the Amity in-prison treatment community (TC) in conjunction with community aftercare. Their results showed that only 27% of those participating in TC followed by community programs returned...

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...xman, 2002). Studies conducted on the intensity and length of supervision indicate that offenders who suffer from substance abuse should spend between 12 and 24 months under supervision or treatment (=-=Lipton, 1995-=-; Taxman, Young, Byrne, et al., 2003), but it is not only the amount of time being supervised that is important but also the dosage—the type, length, and intensity— of treatment that the individual re...

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..., and possible house arrest (Deschenes et al., 1995). In jurisdictions where parole failures are decreasing, researchers and practitioners are attributing the decline to higher levels of supervision (=-=Austin, 2001-=-). However, other studies have found contradictory evidence to the use of intensive supervision. In fact, Mackenzie (2000) and Sherman et al. (1997) found intensive supervision to be ineffective. Howe...

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...se, but more important, because of the supervision it provides. Moreover, continuum of treatment along with supervision was found to have a positive effect on individuals’ behavior (see Cullen, 1994; =-=Hawkins, Arthur, & Catalano, 1995-=-). Furthermore, it is important to note that such a continuum of treatment should be done seamlessly and immediately upon release, meaning from “door to door.” In other words, released offenders must ...

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...ams. Additionally, research on treatment has proven that supervision and immediate sanctions for violation of supervision conditions are critical components of an effective treatment delivery system (=-=Taxman, 1998-=-). For example, in a 3-year outcome evaluation, Wexler and Author’s Note: This study was conducted as part of a larger research project supported by the Israeli Anti-Drug Authority. I would like to th...

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...nally, research has shown a decrease in recidivism and drug use among individuals who received drug treatment after release from incarceration when treatment was also provided during the prison term (=-=Chanhatasilpa, Mackenzie, & Hickman, 2000-=-; Deschenes et al., 1995; Young, Fluellen, & Belenko, 2004). Such findings lead many to believe that “more is better” when it comes to increased contacts with offenders, increased drug tests, and more...

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...9; Matza, 1964). This notion of social environment as generating criminal behavior is crucial to our understanding of the need for supervision. The practice of intensive supervision (as introduced by =-=Deschenes, Turner, & Petersilia, 1995-=-) is one possible way of achieving this goal of supervising offenders in various risk levels because it provides, when compared to other types of supervision, more face-to-face contact with the superv...

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...herman et al., 1997), others provide an opposing view. As mentioned, studies on coerced treatment argue that coercion may be effective in helping transform offending behaviors (Farbaree et al., 1998; =-=Gregoire & Burke, 2004-=-). Consequently, further research that is aimed at understanding these discrepancies is needed to advance the field. The current study aims to further the notion that offenders do understand their nee...

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...d to similar negative attitudes and behaviorssat PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIV on September 17, 2016ijo.sagepub.comDownloaded fromsmanifested in their immediate social surrounding and by their peers (e.g., =-=Akers, 1977-=-; Hirschi, 1969; Matza, 1964). This notion of social environment as generating criminal behavior is crucial to our understanding of the need for supervision. The practice of intensive supervision (as ...

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... support the notion that community supervision and postrelease aftercare are crucial factors in reducing recidivism and future drug use rates (Knight, Simpson, & Hiller, 1999; Pearson & Lipton, 1999; =-=Simpson, Wexler, & Inciardi, 1999-=-). Taking into consideration the above findings, this study aims to examine released offenders’ perceptions of community aftercare and supervision. Specifically, the study seeks to gain insight into t...

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...03), there is a pressing need for transitional housing and having a companion to accompany the offender during the day when he or she departs from the transitional housing. Taxman and her colleagues (=-=Taxman, Young, & Byrne, 2003-=-) examined the benefits of this type of support, in a study founded by the Department of Justice under what is known as the “experiment in the Reentry Partnership Initiative.” In that report, offender...

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...food) are crucial in keeping offenders from “falling off the wagon.” Other researchers have concluded similar notions. Offenders often state a need for assistance in finding employment opportunities (=-=Hanrahan, Gibbs, & Zimmerman, 2005-=-; La Vigne & Kachnowski, 2005). La Vigne and Kachnowski (2005) found that 93% of respondents (n = 676) believed that finding a job after release was important. Further 87% expressed a need for help or...

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...s the most cogent effect (Condelli & Gideon / What Shall I Do Now? 3sat PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIV on September 17, 2016ijo.sagepub.comDownloaded fromsHubbard, 1994). Interestingly, Hall and colleagues (=-=Hall, Evans, & Smith, 1989-=-) found that correctional officers and criminal court judges share an overall support for increased control, such as using electronic monitoring, to monitor offenders under supervision in the communit...

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...al, and financial reorganization. Studies have shown that released inmates who managed to stay out of trouble during the first year after their release are characterized by lower rates of recidivism (=-=Hassin, 1978-=-; Shoham et al., 2006). From these results, it can be seen that the availability of formal social support mechanisms are highly important in the reintegration process. Continuous rehabilitation that G...

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...e a major central role in the reintegration process. A continuum of treatment and corresponding supervision have received support in other studies (Chanhatasilpa et al., 2000; Deschenes et al., 1995; =-=Kaufman, 1999-=-, 2000; Simpson et al., 1999b; Taxman, 1998; Young et al., 2004). As a result, the debate presented in the literature review of this article regarding the perceived need for after-release supervision ...

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...completing two thirds of their sentence. Because this study is part of a much wider study that used a census of all inmates who were participating in the Sharon prisonbased therapeutic community (see =-=Shoham, Gideon, Weisburd, & Vilner, 2006-=-), a list of 101 participants who were released from that prison between 1994 and 1997 was drawn using proportional random sampling technique. This list was used to identify potential and relevant par...