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...Bear grass, and sometimes rhododendron, was prominent in the understory, at high elevations, on moister sites. Drier sites had more pinemat manzanita. Huckleberry oak hybridizes with canyon live oak (=-=Hickman 1993-=-), and plants on intermediate sites often appeared to be intermediate between the two species. Huckleberry oak occurred at higher elevations, and on sites with a stronger ultramafic character, than ca...

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...ence from fossil and pollen data taken from lake and ocean sediments throughout the Northwest indicates that since 20,000 years before present (BP) up to present, climate and vegetation have changed (=-=Whitlock 1992-=-). Climate change associated with the recession of glacial ice sheets resulted in plant associations shifting on the landscape as a result of the environmental conditions. Vegetative communities chang...

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... and integrity of riparian reserves. Native Americans probably burned broad valley bottoms (e.g. Sunny Valley) on a regular basis to maintain them in an open condition for hunting and food gathering (=-=Boyd 1986-=-, Pullen 1995). Frequent burning maintained vegetation in a pine/oak/grass community and, as a result, streams probably had far less large wood than streams in narrow canyons and at higher elevation. ...

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... streams through windthrow. Conversely, fire probably consumed sources of large wood for stream channels during xeric periods. But increased incidence of landslides following stand replacement fires (=-=Reneau and Dietrich 1990-=-) during xeric times may have delivered large quantities of wood and sediment to streams. Water temperatures probably increased in response to loss of riparian canopy. Considering the dynamic nature o...

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...like regions to the north. This suggests that the region did not have continuous forests of old growth. Another study indicated 70that late seral forests comprised 43 to 71 percent of the landscape (=-=Ripple 1994-=-). The Glendale Resource Area queried Forest Operations Inventory data to obtain the extent of naturally generated stands between the age of 46 and 86 years, which corresponded to a 25 year drought pe...

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...ve Creek in the 1880's (McLane 1995:71). Throughout the succeeding decades predators were largely eliminated in the region, as bounties were placed on wolves, coyotes, bobcats, cougars, and raccoons (=-=Beckham 1986-=-:124). Hunting provided subsistence for local settlers, but ungulate herds were severely diminished when the coming of the railroad brought a lively trade in hides, antlers, pelts, and dried deer meat...

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...port this general picture for the Grave Creek watershed. Takelma survivors recalled village and locality place-names in Sunny Valley, along Grave Creek, many years after their removal from that spot (=-=Gray 1987-=-); Indian sites are noted at several spots along Grave Creek and Wolf Creek. The earliest historic record for this area (Peter Skene Ogden’s journal) notes numerous Indians in the area, as he headed n...

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... over a large area. Variation with environment has been reported, with more grand fir characteristics in warmer, wetter environments, and more white fir characteristics in cooler, drier environments (=-=Zobel 1973-=-). Physiological characteristics vary along with morphology (Zobel 1974, 1975). The Oregon firs in this species complex appear to be either grand fir, or grand/white intermediates (Donald Zobel, perso...

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..., exploring the area for route through, noted that they could see Indians dash from “tree to tree” on the ridges above Grave Creek, a description which implies a rather open forest on the ridge tops (=-=Beckham 1971-=-:39). At the time of historic contact, the Grave Creek watershed was inhabited throughout its length by native peoples who engaged in numerous land management activities. Valleys contained meadows and...

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...ave Creek and Wolf Creek. The earliest historic record for this area (Peter Skene Ogden’s journal) notes numerous Indians in the area, as he headed north approximately along the route of I-5 in 1827 (=-=LaLande 1987-=-:86-87). These people engaged in the practices mentioned above, and would have influenced the environment. 141Ogden’s party struggled north from the Rogue Valley in search of beaver, noting--as did o...

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...ttlers’ accounts of Grave Creek valley. Noting the nearly impassable road from Canyonville to the Rogue River, he remarked on the “beautiful little valley with clover six inches high” (Sunny Valley) (=-=McLane 1995-=-:2). Later in the decade, government surveyors mapped these meadows along Grave Creek (GLO 1986). There are few references to valley trees, though Grave Creek itself was named for a pioneer child who ...

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...ides strong support for the contention that in this part of southern Oregon, murrelets do not fly inland beyond the first major coastal ridge, about 12 miles from the coast (Dillingham, et. al. 1995; =-=Witt, 1998-=-). This boundary is the limit of the coastal fog belt and the eastern edge of the Douglas-fir/hemlock community. If this hypothesis is correct, the Grave Creek watershed should be considered outside t...