Current human-computer interface design is dominated by the graphical user interface approach, where users interact with graphical abstractions of virtual interface devices through a few general-purpose input “peripherals. ” The thesis develops models and mechanisms for “tangible user interfaces ” – user interfaces which use physical objects, instruments, surfaces, and spaces as physical interfaces to digital information. Prototype applications on three platforms – the metaDESK, transBOARD, and ambientROOM – are introduced as examples of this approach. These instances are used to generalize the “GUI widgetry, ” “optical,” and “containers and conduits ” interface metaphors. The thesis also develops engineering mechanisms called proxy-distributed or “proxdist ” computation, which provide a layered approach for integrating physical objects with diverse sensing, display, communication, and computation capabilities into coherent interface implementations. The combined research provides a vehicle for moving beyond the keyboard, monitor, and pointer of current computer interfaces towards use of
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