We describe the goals, architecture, and functioning of the trains-93 system, with emphasis on the representational issues involved in putting together a complex language processing and reasoning agent. The system is intended as an experimental prototype of an intelligent, conversationally proficient planning advisor in a dynamic domain of cargo trains and factories. For this team effort, our strategy at the outset was to let the designers of the various language processing, discourse processing, plan reasoning, execution and monitoring modules choose whatever representations seemed best suited for their tasks, but with the constraint that all should strive for principled, general approaches. Disparities between modules were bridged by careful design of the interfaces, based on regular in-depth discussion of issues encountered by the participants. Because of the goal of generality and principled representation, the multiple representations ended up with a good deal in common (for instance, the use of explicit event variables and the ability to refer to complex abstract objects such as plans); and future unifications seem quite possible. We explain some of the goals and particulars of the KRs used, evaluate the extent to which
|
1177
|
A logic for default reasoning
– Reiter
- 1979
|
|
814
|
Attention, intentions, and the structure of discourse
– Grosz, Sidner
- 1986
|
|
682
|
Towards a general theory of action and time
– Allen
- 1984
|
|
518
|
From Discourse to Logic
– Kamp, Reyle
- 1993
|
|
505
|
Situation and Attitude
– Barwise, Perry
- 1999
|
|
390
|
A Theory of Truth and Semantic Representation
– Kamp
- 1981
|
|
295
|
A.: Rhetorical structure theory: A theory of text organization
– Mann, Thompson
- 1987
|
|
292
|
Contributing to discourse
– CLARK, SCHAEFFER
- 1989
|
|
245
|
Referring as a collaborative process
– Clark, Wilkes-Gibbs
- 1986
|
|
216
|
Definite reference and mutual knowledge
– Clark, Marshall
- 1981
|
|
199
|
The Logical Form of Action Sentences
– Davidson
- 1967
|
|
152
|
Dealing with Ambiguities by Underspecification: Construction, Representation and Deduction
– Reyle
- 1993
|
|
140
|
The Tractability of Subsumption in Frame-based Description Languages
– Brachman, Levesque
- 1984
|
|
131
|
The TRAINS project: A case study in building a conversational agent
– Allen, Schubert, et al.
- 1994
|
|
129
|
Nonmonotonic reasoning: logical foundations of commonsense
– Brewka
- 1991
|
|
127
|
A Computational Theory of Grounding in Natural Language Conversation
– Traum
- 1994
|
|
121
|
Actions and events in interval temporal logic
– Allen, Ferguson
- 1994
|
|
115
|
Opening up closings
– Schegloff, Sacks
- 1973
|
|
112
|
Mixed initiative in dialogue: An investigation into discourse segmentation
– Walker, Whittaker
- 1990
|
|
108
|
Monotonic Semantic Interpretation
– Alshawi, Crouch
- 1992
|
|
100
|
Trains-95: Towards a mixed-initiative planning assistant
– Ferguson, Allen, et al.
- 1996
|
|
99
|
ATheory of Human Action
– Goldman
- 1970
|
|
87
|
of Language Use
– Arenas
- 1992
|
|
87
|
Discourse Obligations in Dialogue Processing
– Traum, Allen
- 1994
|
|
87
|
Conversation acts in task-oriented spoken dialogue
– Hinkelman
- 1992
|
|
76
|
Towards an analysis of Discourse: The English used by teachers and pupils
– Sinclair, Coulthard
- 1975
|
|
64
|
The logic of frames
– Hayes
- 1977
|
|
54
|
The TRAINS 91 Dialogues
– Gross, Allen, et al.
- 1993
|
|
54
|
Detecting and Correcting Speech Repairs
– Heeman, Allen
|
|
52
|
The Trains 93 dialogues
– Heeman, Allen
- 1995
|
|
39
|
J.Russel Computational Morphology: Practical Mechanisms for the English Lexicon
– Ritchie, Pullman, et al.
- 1992
|
|
38
|
Interlingual Machine Translation: a Parameterized Approach
– Dorr
- 1993
|
|
30
|
Episodic logic: A situational logic for natural language processing
– Hwang, Schubert
- 1993
|
|
30
|
The timelogic temporal reasoning system
– Koomen
- 1989
|
|
30
|
Discourse Interpretation and the Scope of Operators
– Poesio
- 1994
|
|
30
|
Semantic ambiguity and perceived ambiguity
– Poesio
- 1996
|
|
21
|
Episodic Logic: A comprehensive, natural representation for language understanding
– Hwang, Schubert
- 1993
|
|
20
|
A situation-theoretic formalization of definite description interpretation in plan elaboration dialogues
– Poesio
- 1993
|
|
17
|
Evidential probability
– Kyburg
- 1991
|
|
17
|
The Proper Treatment of Quantification in English
– Montague
- 1973
|
|
15
|
Dialogue games: Conventions of human interaction
– Mann
- 1988
|
|
15
|
KL-ONE: Semantics and classification
– Schmolze, Israel
- 1983
|
|
14
|
Knowledge Representation and Reasoning for Mixed-Initiative Planning
– Ferguson
- 1995
|
|
13
|
Attributive description formalisms and the rest of the world
– Nebel, Smolka
- 1991
|
|
12
|
The discourse system project
– Allen, Guez, et al.
- 1989
|
|
11
|
Spoken dialogue and interactive planning
– Allen, Ferguson, et al.
- 1995
|
|
11
|
Relational semantics and scope ambiguity
– Poesio
- 1991
|
|
10
|
A Logical Approach to Narrative Understanding
– Hwang
- 1992
|
|
10
|
Natural language comprehension in soar
– Lehman, Lewis, et al.
- 1991
|
|
8
|
The RHET system: A sequence of self-guided tutorials
– Allen, Miller
- 1991
|
