Analysis and synthesis of facial image sequences using physical and anatomical models (1993) [154 citations — 2 self]
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@ARTICLE{Terzopoulos93analysisand,author = {Demetri Terzopoulos and Keith Waters},
title = {Analysis and synthesis of facial image sequences using physical and anatomical models},
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence},
year = {1993},
volume = {15},
pages = {569--579}
}
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Abstract:
Abstract--We present a new approach to the analysis of dynamic facial images for the purposes of estimating and resynthesizing dynamic facial expressions. The approach exploits a sophisticated generatire model of the human face originally developed for realistic facial animation. The face model, which may be simulated and rendered at interactive rates on a graphics workstation, incorporates a physics-based synthetic facial tissue and a set of anatomically motivated facial muscle actuators. We consider the estimation of dynamic facial muscle contractions from video sequences of expressive human faces. We develop an estimation technique that uses deformable contour models (snakes) to track the nonrigid motions of facial features in video images. The technique estimates muscle actuator controls with sufficient accuracy to permit the face model to resynthesize transient expressions. Index Terms--Computer graphics, computer vision, deformable models, face modeling, facial image analysis, facial image synthesis,
