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229
Guided search 2.0: A revised model of visual search
- PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW
, 1994
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Perceptual load as a necessary condition for selective attention
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance
, 1995
"... The early and late selection debate may be resolved if perceptual load of relevant information determines the selective processing of irrelevant information. This hypothesis was tested in 3 studies; all used a variation of the response competition paradigm to measure irrelevant processing when load ..."
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Cited by 329 (18 self)
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The early and late selection debate may be resolved if perceptual load of relevant information determines the selective processing of irrelevant information. This hypothesis was tested in 3 studies; all used a variation of the response competition paradigm to measure irrelevant processing when load in the relevant processing was varied. Perceptual load was manipulated by relevant display set size or by different processing requirements for identical displays. These included the requirement to process conjunctions versus isolated features and the requirement to perform simple detection of a character's presence versus difficult identifi-cation of its size and position. Distractors ' interference was found only under low-load conditions. Because the distractor was usually clearly distinct from the target, it is concluded that physical separation is not a sufficient condition for selective perception; overloading perception is also required. This allows a compromise between early and late selection views and resolves apparent discrepancies in previous work. While no one disputes the importance of selective mech-anisms in mental processing, the locus of selection in the sequence of processing from perception to action remains to
Feature binding, attention and object perception
, 1998
"... The seemingly effortless ability to perceive meaningful objects in an integrated scene actually depends on complex visual processes. The `binding problem' concerns the way in which we select and integrate the separate features of objects in the correct combinations. Experiments suggest that att ..."
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Cited by 121 (1 self)
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The seemingly effortless ability to perceive meaningful objects in an integrated scene actually depends on complex visual processes. The `binding problem' concerns the way in which we select and integrate the separate features of objects in the correct combinations. Experiments suggest that attention plays a central role in solving this problem. Some neurological patients show a dramatic breakdown in the ability to see several objects; their deficits suggest a role for the parietal cortex inthe binding process. However, indirect measures of priming and interference suggest that more information may be implicitly available than we can consciously access.
Aging and inhibition: Beyond a unitary view of inhibitory processing in attention
- Psychology and Aging
, 1994
"... The authors examined the question of whether a decrease in the efficiency of inhibitory processing with aging is a general phenomenon. Thirty elderly and 32 young adults performed a series of tasks from which the authors could extract measures of inhibitory function. The tasks and task components in ..."
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Cited by 110 (13 self)
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The authors examined the question of whether a decrease in the efficiency of inhibitory processing with aging is a general phenomenon. Thirty elderly and 32 young adults performed a series of tasks from which the authors could extract measures of inhibitory function. The tasks and task components included response compatibility, negative priming, stopping, spatial precuing, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), and the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ). Only limited evidence for age-related differences in inhibitory function was obtained. Old adults had more difficulty than young adults in stopping an overt response and adopting new rules in a categorization task. However, elderly and young adults produced equivalent negative priming effects, response compatibility effects, spatial precuing effects, and self-reported cognitive failures. The findings are discussed in terms of the relationship between aging, inhibitory processes, and neuroanatomical and physiological function. A dominant view in the aging literature is that cognitive decline in later life is the result of a progressive and generalized slowing of information-processing activities (Birren, 1974; Cerella, 1990; Salthouse, 1992). Much of the evidence for such a
The CODE theory of visual attention: An integration of space-based and object-based attention
- Psychological Review
, 1996
"... This article presents a theory that inte~ates space-based and object-based approaches to visual attention. The theory puts together M. P. van Oeffelen and P. G. Vos's ( 1982, 1983) COntour DEtector (CODE) theory of perceptual grouping by proximity with C. Bundesen's (1990) theory of visual ..."
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Cited by 104 (6 self)
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This article presents a theory that inte~ates space-based and object-based approaches to visual attention. The theory puts together M. P. van Oeffelen and P. G. Vos's ( 1982, 1983) COntour DEtector (CODE) theory of perceptual grouping by proximity with C. Bundesen's (1990) theory of visual attention (TVA). CODE provides input to TVA, accounting for spatially based between-object selection, and TVA converts the input to output, accounting for feature- and category-based withinobject selection. CODE clusters nearby items into perceptual groups that are both perceptual objects and regions of space, thereby integrating object-based and space-based approaches to attention. The combined theory provides a quantitative account of the effects of grouping by proximity and dis~nce between items on reaction time and accuracy data in 7 empirical situations that shaped the current literature on visual spatial attention. For the last decade the attention literature has been embroiled in a debate over the nature of visual spatial attention that focuses on the "thing " that attention selects (e.g., Baylis &
Visual Attention
- In B. Goldstein (Ed.), Blackwell Handbook of Perception
, 2001
"... Spatial attention: Visual selection and deployment over space The attentional spotlight and spatial cueing Attentional shifts, splits, and resolution Object-based Selection The visual search paradigm Top-down and bottom-up control of attention Inhibitory mechanisms of attention Invalid cueing Negati ..."
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Cited by 100 (4 self)
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Spatial attention: Visual selection and deployment over space The attentional spotlight and spatial cueing Attentional shifts, splits, and resolution Object-based Selection The visual search paradigm Top-down and bottom-up control of attention Inhibitory mechanisms of attention Invalid cueing Negative priming Inhibition of return Temporal attention: Visual selection and deployment over time Single target search Attentional blink and attentional dwell time Repetition blindness NEURAL MECHANISMS OF SELECTION Single-cell physiological method Event-related potentials Functional imaging: PET and fMRI
WHAT CAN 1 MILLION TRIALS TELL US ABOUT VISUAL SEARCH?
- PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE
, 1998
"... In a typical visual search experiment, observers look through a set of items for a designated target that may or may not be present. Reaction time (RT) is measured as a function of the number of items in the display (set size), and inferences about the underlying search processes are based on the s ..."
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Cited by 99 (6 self)
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In a typical visual search experiment, observers look through a set of items for a designated target that may or may not be present. Reaction time (RT) is measured as a function of the number of items in the display (set size), and inferences about the underlying search processes are based on the slopes of the resulting RT × Set Size functions. Most search experiments involve 5 to 15 subjects performing a few hundred trials each. In this retrospective study, I examine results from 2,500 experimental sessions of a few hundred trials each (approximately 1 million total trials). These data represent a wide variety of search tasks. The resulting picture of human search behavior requires changes in our theories of visual search.
Guided Search 4.0: Current Progress with a model of visual search
"... Visual input is processed in parallel in the early stages of the visual system. Later, object recognition processes are also massively parallel, matching a visual object with a vast array of stored representation. A tight bottleneck in processing lies between these stages. It permits only one or a f ..."
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Cited by 81 (3 self)
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Visual input is processed in parallel in the early stages of the visual system. Later, object recognition processes are also massively parallel, matching a visual object with a vast array of stored representation. A tight bottleneck in processing lies between these stages. It permits only one or a few visual objects at any one time to be submitted for recognition. That bottleneck limits performance on visual search tasks when an observer looks for one object in a field containing distracting objects. Guided Search is a model of the workings of that bottleneck. It proposes that a limited set of attributes, derived from early vision, can be used to guide the selection of visual objects. The bottleneck and recognition processes are modeled using an asynchronous version of a diffusion process. The current version (Guided Search 4.0) captures a wide range of empirical findings.
Modeling the temporal dynamics of IT neurons in visual search: A mechanism for top-down selective attention
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
, 1996
"... W We propose a neural model for object-oriented attention in which various visual stimuli (shapes, colors, letters, etc.) are represented by competing, mutually inhibitory, cell assemblies. The model’s response to a sequence of cue and target stimuli mimics the neural responses in infero temporal (I ..."
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Cited by 76 (5 self)
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W We propose a neural model for object-oriented attention in which various visual stimuli (shapes, colors, letters, etc.) are represented by competing, mutually inhibitory, cell assemblies. The model’s response to a sequence of cue and target stimuli mimics the neural responses in infero temporal (IT) visual cortex of monkeys performing a visual search task: enhanced response during the display of the stimulus, which decays but remains above a spontaneous rate after the cue disappears. When, subsequently, a display consisting of the target and several distractors is presented, the activity of all stimulus-
Just say no: How are visual searches terminated when there is no target present? Cognitive Psychology, 30, 39–78.spatial-frequency uncertainty
- Vision Research
, 1996
"... How should a visual search task be terminated when no target is found? Such searches could end after a serial search through all items, but blank trials in many tasks are terminated too quickly for that to be plausible. This paper proposes a solution based on Wolfe’s (1994) Guided Search model. The ..."
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Cited by 73 (12 self)
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How should a visual search task be terminated when no target is found? Such searches could end after a serial search through all items, but blank trials in many tasks are terminated too quickly for that to be plausible. This paper proposes a solution based on Wolfe’s (1994) Guided Search model. The probability that each item is a target is computed in parallel based on items ’ differences from each other and their similarity to the desired target. This probability is expressed as an activation. Activa-tions are examined in decreasing order until the target is found or until an activation threshold is reached. This threshold is set adaptively by the observer—more conserva-tive following misses, more liberal following successful trials. In addition, observers guess on some trials. The probability of a guess increases as trial duration increases. The model successfully explains blank trial performance. Specific predictions are tested by experiments. q 1996 Academic Press, Inc. Suppose that you have written an important phone number on a small piece of paper. You are searching for that piece of paper among a mess of various articles, journals, forms, and other miscellaneous paperwork on your desk.
