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The dynamic behavior of a data dissemination protocol for network programming at scale
- In Proceedings of the Second International Conferences on Embedded Network Sensor Systems (SenSys
"... To support network programming, we present Deluge, a reliable data dissemination protocol for propagating large data objects from one or more source nodes to many other nodes over a multihop, wireless sensor network. Deluge builds from prior work in density-aware, epidemic maintenance protocols. Usi ..."
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Cited by 485 (24 self)
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To support network programming, we present Deluge, a reliable data dissemination protocol for propagating large data objects from one or more source nodes to many other nodes over a multihop, wireless sensor network. Deluge builds from prior work in density-aware, epidemic maintenance protocols. Using both a real-world deployment and simulation, we show that Deluge can reliably disseminate data to all nodes and characterize its overall performance. On Mica2dot nodes, Deluge can push nearly 90 bytes/second, oneninth the maximum transmission rate of the radio supported under TinyOS. Control messages are limited to 18 % of all transmissions. At scale, the protocol exposes interesting propagation dynamics only hinted at by previous dissemination work. A simple model is also derived which describes the limits of data propagation in wireless networks. Finally, we argue that the rates obtained for dissemination are inherently lower than that for single path propagation. It appears very hard to significantly improve upon the rate obtained by Deluge and we identify establishing a tight lower bound as an open problem.
Simulating the power consumption of large-scale sensor network applications
- In Sensys
, 2004
"... Developing sensor network applications demands a new set of tools to aid programmers. A number of simulation environments have been developed that provide varying degrees of scalability, realism, and detail for understanding the behavior of sensor networks. To date, however, none of these tools have ..."
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Cited by 324 (4 self)
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Developing sensor network applications demands a new set of tools to aid programmers. A number of simulation environments have been developed that provide varying degrees of scalability, realism, and detail for understanding the behavior of sensor networks. To date, however, none of these tools have addressed one of the most important aspects of sensor application design: that of power consumption. While simple approximations of overall power usage can be derived from estimates of node duty cycle and communication rates, these techniques often fail to capture the detailed, low-level energy requirements of the CPU, radio, sensors, and other peripherals. In this paper, we present PowerTOSSIM, a scalable simulation environment for wireless sensor networks that provides an accurate, per-node estimate of power consumption. PowerTOSSIM is an extension to TOSSIM, an event-driven simulation environment for TinyOS applications. In PowerTOSSIM, TinyOS components corresponding to specific hardware peripherals (such as the radio, EEPROM, LEDs, and so forth) are instrumented to obtain a trace of each device’s activity during the simulation run. PowerTOSSIM employs a novel code-transformation technique to estimate the number of CPU cycles executed by each node, eliminating the need for expensive instruction-level simulation of sensor nodes. PowerTOSSIM includes a detailed model of hardware energy consumption based on the Mica2 sensor node platform. Through instrumentation of actual sensor nodes, we demonstrate that PowerTOSSIM provides accurate estimation of power consumption for a range of applications and scales to support very large simulations.
Synopsis diffusion for robust aggregation in sensor networks
- IN SENSYS
, 2004
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Avrora: Scalable Sensor Network Simulation With Precise Timing
- IN PROC. OF THE 4TH INTL. CONF. ON INFORMATION PROCESSING IN SENSOR NETWORKS (IPSN
, 2005
"... Simulation can be an important step in the development of software for wireless sensor networks and has been the subject of intense research in the past decade. While most previous efforts in simulating wireless sensor networks have focused on protocol-level issues utilizing models of the software i ..."
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Cited by 262 (5 self)
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Simulation can be an important step in the development of software for wireless sensor networks and has been the subject of intense research in the past decade. While most previous efforts in simulating wireless sensor networks have focused on protocol-level issues utilizing models of the software implementation, a significant challenge remains in precisely measuring time-dependent properties such as radio channel utilization. One promising approach, first demonstrated by ATEMU, is to simulate the behavior of sensor network programs at the machine code level with cycle-accuracy, but poor performance has so far limited its scalability. In this paper we present Avrora, a cycle-accurate instructionlevel sensor network simulator which scales to networks of up to 10,000 nodes and performs as much as 20 times faster than previous simulators with equivalent accuracy, handling as many as 25 nodes in real-time. We show how an event queue can enable efficient instruction-level simulation of microcontroller programs and allow the hidden parallelism in finegrained sensor network simulations to be extracted, once two core synchronization problems are identified and solved. Avrora's ability to measure detailed time-critical phenomena can shed new light on design issues for large-scale sensor networks.
Emstar: a software environment for developing and deploying wireless sensor networks
- In Proceedings of the 2004 USENIX Technical Conference
, 2004
"... Recent work in wireless embedded networked systems has followed heterogeneous designs, incorporating a mixture of elements from extremely constrained 8- or 16-bit “Motes ” to less resourceconstrained 32-bit embedded “Microservers.” Emstar is a software environment for developing and deploying comple ..."
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Cited by 195 (28 self)
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Recent work in wireless embedded networked systems has followed heterogeneous designs, incorporating a mixture of elements from extremely constrained 8- or 16-bit “Motes ” to less resourceconstrained 32-bit embedded “Microservers.” Emstar is a software environment for developing and deploying complex applications on such heterogeneous networks. Emstar is designed to leverage the additional resources of Microservers by trading off some performance for system robustness in sensor network applications. It enables fault isolation, fault tolerance, system visiblity, in-field debugging, and resource sharing across multiple applications. In order to accomplish these objectives, Emstar is designed to run as a multiprocess system and consists of libraries that implement message-passing IPC primitives, services that support networking, sensing, and time synchronization, and tools that support simulation, emulation, and visualization of live systems, both real and simulated. We evaluate this work by discussing the Acoustic ENSBox, a platform for distributed acoustic sensing that we built using Emstar. We show that by leveraging existing Emstar services, we are able to significantly reduce development time This work was made possible with support from The Center for Embedded Networked Sensing (CENS) under the NSF Cooperative Agreement CCR-0120778, and the UC MICRO program (grant
Geographic routing made practical
, 2005
"... Geographic routing has been widely hailed as the most promising approach to generally scalable wireless routing. However, the correctness of all currently proposed geographic routing algorithms relies on idealized assumptions about radios and their resulting connectivity graphs. We use testbed measu ..."
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Cited by 178 (4 self)
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Geographic routing has been widely hailed as the most promising approach to generally scalable wireless routing. However, the correctness of all currently proposed geographic routing algorithms relies on idealized assumptions about radios and their resulting connectivity graphs. We use testbed measurements to show that these idealized assumptions are grossly violated by real radios, and that these violations cause persistent failures in geographic routing, even on static topologies. Having identified this problem, we then fix it by proposing the Cross-Link Detection Protocol (CLDP), which enables provably correct geographic routing on arbitrary connectivity graphs. We confirm in simulation and further testbed measurements that CLDP is not only correct but practical: it incurs low overhead, exhibits low path stretch, always succeeds in real, static wireless networks, and converges quickly after topology changes. 1
Distributed regression: an efficient framework for modeling sensor network data
- In IPSN
, 2004
"... We present distributed regression, an efficient and general framework for in-network modeling of sensor data. In this framework, the nodes of the sensor network collaborate to optimally fit a global function to each of their local measurements. The algorithm is based upon kernel linear regression, w ..."
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Cited by 175 (8 self)
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We present distributed regression, an efficient and general framework for in-network modeling of sensor data. In this framework, the nodes of the sensor network collaborate to optimally fit a global function to each of their local measurements. The algorithm is based upon kernel linear regression, where the model takes the form of a weighted sum of local basis functions; this provides an expressive yet tractable class of models for sensor network data. Rather than transmitting data to one another or outside the network, nodes communicate constraints on the model parameters, drastically reducing the communication required. After the algorithm is run, each node can answer queries for its local region, or the nodes can efficiently transmit the parameters of the model to a user outside the network. We present an evaluation of the algorithm based upon data from a 48-node sensor network deployment at the Intel Research- Berkeley Lab, demonstrating that our distributed algorithm converges to the optimal solution at a fast rate and is very robust to packet losses.
Design of an application-cooperative management system for wireless sensor networks
, 2005
"... Abstract — This paper argues for the usefulness of an application-cooperative interactive management system for wireless sensor networks, and presents SNMS, a Sensor Network Management System. SNMS is designed to be simple and have minimal impact on memory and network traffic, while remaining open a ..."
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Cited by 170 (15 self)
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Abstract — This paper argues for the usefulness of an application-cooperative interactive management system for wireless sensor networks, and presents SNMS, a Sensor Network Management System. SNMS is designed to be simple and have minimal impact on memory and network traffic, while remaining open and flexible. The system is evaluated in light of issues derived from real deployment experiences. I.
A unifying link abstraction for wireless sensor networks
- in Proceedings of the 3rd ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys
, 2005
"... Recent technological advances and the continuing quest for greater efficiency have led to an explosion of link and network protocols for wireless sensor networks. These protocols embody very different assumptions about network stack composition and, as such, have limited interoperability. It has bee ..."
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Cited by 163 (16 self)
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Recent technological advances and the continuing quest for greater efficiency have led to an explosion of link and network protocols for wireless sensor networks. These protocols embody very different assumptions about network stack composition and, as such, have limited interoperability. It has been suggested [3] that, in principle, wireless sensor networks would benefit from a unifying abstraction (or “narrow waist ” in architectural terms), and that this abstraction should be closer to the link level than the network level. This paper takes that vague principle and turns it into practice, by proposing a specific unifying sensornet protocol (SP) that provides shared neighbor management and a message pool. The two goals of a unifying abstraction are generality and efficiency: it should be capable of running over a broad range of link-layer technologies and supporting a wide variety of network protocols, and doing so should not lead to a significant loss of efficiency. To investigate the extent to which SP meets these goals, we implemented SP (in TinyOS) on top of two very different radio technologies: B-MAC on mica2 and IEEE 802.15.4 on Telos. We also built a variety of network protocols on SP, including examples of collection routing [53], dissemination [26], and aggregation [33]. Measurements show that these protocols do not sacrifice performance through the use of our SP abstraction.
Vigilnet: An Integrated Sensor Network System for Energy-Efficient Surveillance
- ACM Transaction on Sensor Networks
, 2006
"... This article describes one of the major efforts in the sensor network community to build an integrated sensor network system for surveillance missions. The focus of this effort is to acquire and verify information about enemy capabilities and positions of hostile targets. Such missions often involve ..."
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Cited by 156 (36 self)
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This article describes one of the major efforts in the sensor network community to build an integrated sensor network system for surveillance missions. The focus of this effort is to acquire and verify information about enemy capabilities and positions of hostile targets. Such missions often involve a high element of risk for human personnel and require a high degree of stealthiness. Hence, the ability to deploy unmanned surveillance missions, by using wireless sensor networks, is of great practical importance for the military. Because of the energy constraints of sensor devices, such systems necessitate an energy-aware design to ensure the longevity of surveillance missions. Solutions proposed recently for this type of system show promising results through simulations. However, the simplified assumptions they make about the system in the simulator often do not hold well in practice, and energy consumption is narrowly accounted for within a single protocol. In this article, we describe the design and implementation of a complete running system, called VigilNet, for energyefficient surveillance. The VigilNet allows a group of cooperating sensor devices to detect and track the positions of moving vehicles in an energy-efficient and stealthy manner. We evaluate VigilNet middleware components and integrated system extensively on a network of 70 MICA2 motes. Our results show that our surveillance strategy is adaptable and achieves a significant extension of
