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383
Biobehavioral responses to stress in females: Tend-and-befriend, not fight-or-flight
- PSYCHOLOGICAL REVIEW
, 2000
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Los Cinco Grandes across cultures and ethnic groups: Multitrait–multimethod analyses of the Big Five in Spanish and English
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
, 1998
"... Spanish-language m asures of the Big Five personality dimensions are needed for research on Hispanic minority populations. Three studies were conducted to evaluate a Spanish version of the Big Five Inventory (BFI) (O. P. John et al., 1991) and explore the generalizability of the Big Five factor stru ..."
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Cited by 211 (16 self)
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Spanish-language m asures of the Big Five personality dimensions are needed for research on Hispanic minority populations. Three studies were conducted to evaluate a Spanish version of the Big Five Inventory (BFI) (O. P. John et al., 1991) and explore the generalizability of the Big Five factor structure in Latin cultural groups. In Study 1, a cross-cultural design was used to compare the Spanish and English BFI in college students from Spain and the United States, to assess factor congruence across languages, and to test convergence with indigenous Spanish Big Five markers. In Study 2, a bilingual design was used to compare the Spanish and English BFI in a college-educated sample of bilingual Hispanics and to test convergent and discriminant validity across the two languages as well as with the NEO Five Factor Inventory in beth English and Spanish. Study 3 replicated the BFI findings from Study 2 in a working-class Hispanic bilingual sample. Results show that (a) the Spanish BFI may serve as an efficient, reliable, and factorially valid measure of the Big Five for research on Spanish-speaking individuals and (b) there is little evidence for substantial cultural differences in personality structure at the broad level of abstraction represented by the Big Five dimensions. Hispanics are the fastest growing minority group in the United States, and within 25 years they will become the nation's largest
Approach-avoidance motivation in personality: approach and avoidance Frontiers
- in Psychology | Personality Science and Individual Differences December 2010 | Volume 1 | Article 239 | 6
, 2002
"... The present research examined the role of approach and avoidance motivation in models of personality. Specifically, it examined the hypothesis that approach and avoidance temperaments represent the foundation of several basic dimensions espoused in the trait adjective, affective disposition, and mot ..."
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Cited by 179 (14 self)
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The present research examined the role of approach and avoidance motivation in models of personality. Specifically, it examined the hypothesis that approach and avoidance temperaments represent the foundation of several basic dimensions espoused in the trait adjective, affective disposition, and motivational system approaches to personality. Factor analytic support for the hypothesis was obtained in Studies 1, 2, and 6; measures of extraversion, positive emotionality, and behavioral activation system loaded together on 1 factor (Approach Temperament) and measures of neuroticism, negative emotionality, and behavioral inhibition system loaded on another factor (Avoidance Temperament). This 2-factor structure was shown to be independent of response biases. In Studies 3–7, approach and avoidance temperaments were shown to be systematically linked to achievement goals (both nomothetic and idiographic). The findings are discussed in terms of an integrative approach to personality. The distinction between approach and avoidance motivation has been discussed by scholars for millennia, beginning with the ethical hedonism espoused by the ancient Greek philosophers Democritus (460–370 B.C.) and Aristippus (430–360 B.C.). Approach and avoidance motivation differ as a function of valence: In
Using theory to evaluate personality and jobperformance relations: A socioanalytic perspective
- Journal of Applied Psychology
, 2003
"... The authors used socioanalytic theory to understand individual differences in people’s performance at work. Specifically, if predictors and criteria are aligned by using theory, then the meta-analytic validity of personality measures exceeds that of atheoretical approaches. As performance assessment ..."
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Cited by 130 (2 self)
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The authors used socioanalytic theory to understand individual differences in people’s performance at work. Specifically, if predictors and criteria are aligned by using theory, then the meta-analytic validity of personality measures exceeds that of atheoretical approaches. As performance assessment moved from general to specific job criteria, all Big Five personality dimensions more precisely predicted relevant criterion variables, with estimated true validities of.43 (Emotional Stability),.35 (Extraversion — Ambition),.34 (Agreeableness),.36 (Conscientiousness), and.34 (Intellect—Openness to Experience). Since 1990, meta-analylic reviews have shown that personality measures are useful predictors of job performance. Although these results represent a substantial revision in how applied psychology views personality assessment (cf Guion & Gottier, 1965; Locke & Hulin, 1962), there is still no agreed theoretical account for the findings. A theory of individual differences in work effectiveness that links assessment to performance would enhance the value of personality measures for forecasting occupational outcomes.
The Big-Five Trait Taxonomy: History, Measurement, and Theoretical Perspectives. Handbook of personality: Theory
- Academy Of Management ,
, 1999
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The power of personality: The comparative validity of personality traits, socioeconomic status, and cognitive ability for predicting important life outcomes
- Perspectives on Psychological Science
, 2007
"... ABSTRACT—The ability of personality traits to predict im-portant life outcomes has traditionally been questioned because of the putative small effects of personality. In this article, we compare the predictive validity of personality traits with that of socioeconomic status (SES) and cogni-tive abil ..."
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Cited by 118 (11 self)
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ABSTRACT—The ability of personality traits to predict im-portant life outcomes has traditionally been questioned because of the putative small effects of personality. In this article, we compare the predictive validity of personality traits with that of socioeconomic status (SES) and cogni-tive ability to test the relative contribution of personality traits to predictions of three critical outcomes: mortality, divorce, and occupational attainment. Only evidence from prospective longitudinal studies was considered. In addi-tion, an attempt was made to limit the review to studies that controlled for important background factors. Results showed that the magnitude of the effects of personality traits on mortality, divorce, and occupational attainment was indistinguishable from the effects of SES and cognitive ability on these outcomes. These results demonstrate the
A new big five: Fundamental principles for an integrative science of personality
- American Psychologist
, 2006
"... Despite impressive advances in recent years with respect to theory and research, personality psychology has yet to articulate clearly a comprehensive framework for under-standing the whole person. In an effort to achieve that aim, the current article draws on the most promising empirical and theoret ..."
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Cited by 112 (6 self)
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Despite impressive advances in recent years with respect to theory and research, personality psychology has yet to articulate clearly a comprehensive framework for under-standing the whole person. In an effort to achieve that aim, the current article draws on the most promising empirical and theoretical trends in personality psychology today to articulate 5 big principles for an integrative science of the whole person. Personality is conceived as (a) an individ-ual’s unique variation on the general evolutionary design for human nature, expressed as a developing pattern of (b) dispositional traits, (c) characteristic adaptations, and (d) self-defining life narratives, complexly and differentially situated (e) in culture and social context. The 5 principles suggest a framework for integrating the Big Five model of personality traits with those self-defining features of psy-chological individuality constructed in response to situated social tasks and the human need to make meaning in culture.
Investigations of temperament at three to seven years: The children’s behavior questionnaire
, 2001
"... This article reviews evidence on the reliability and validity of the Children’s Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ), and presents CBQ data on the structure of temperament in childhood. The CBQ is a caregiver report measure designed to provide a detailed assessment of temperament in children 3 to 7 years of ..."
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Cited by 106 (5 self)
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This article reviews evidence on the reliability and validity of the Children’s Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ), and presents CBQ data on the structure of temperament in childhood. The CBQ is a caregiver report measure designed to provide a detailed assessment of temperament in children 3 to 7 years of age. Individual differences
What do we know when we know a person
- Journal of Personality
, 1995
"... ABSTRACT Individual differences in personality may be described at three different levels. Level I consists of those broad, decontextualized, and rela-tively nonconditional constructs called "traits, " which provide a dispositional signature for personality description. No description of a ..."
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Cited by 93 (11 self)
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ABSTRACT Individual differences in personality may be described at three different levels. Level I consists of those broad, decontextualized, and rela-tively nonconditional constructs called "traits, " which provide a dispositional signature for personality description. No description of a person is adequate without trait attributions, but trait attributions themselves yield little beyond a "psychology ofthe stranger. " At Level II (called "personal concems"), per-sonality descriptions invoke personal strivings, life tasks, defense mechanisms, coping strategies, domain-specific skills and values, and a wide assortment of other motivational, developmental, or strategic constructs that are contextual-ized in time, place, or role. While dispositional traits and personal concerns appear to have near-universal applicability. Level III presents frameworks and constructs that may be uniquely relevant to adulthood only, and perhaps only within modern societies that put a premium on the individuation of the self. Thus, in contemporary Western societies, a full description of personality commonly requires a consideration of the extent to which a human life ex-presses unity and purpose, which are the hallmarks of identity. Identity in adulthood is an inner story of the self that integrates the reconstmcted past, perceived present, and anticipated future to provide a life with unity, purpose, and meaning. At Level III, psychologists may explore the person's identity as an internalized and evolving life story. Each of the three levels has its own geography and requires its own indigenous nomenclatures, taxonomies, theories, frameworks, and laws. One of the great social rituals in the lives of middle-class American famihes is "the drive home. " The ritual comes in many different forms. Preparation of this manuscript was aided by a grant from the Spencer Foundation. I would like to thank David Watson, Jeff McCrae, and Bob Emmons for their helpful comments on an early draft of this article. Correspondence should be addressed to
Egoistic and moralistic biases in self-perception: The interplay of self-descriptive styles with basic traits and motives’,
- Journal of Personality,
, 1998
"... ABSTRACT The literature on personality traits and defense mechanisms suggests individual differences in two self-favoring tendencies, which we label "egoistic bias" and "moralistic bias." The two biases are self-deceptive in nature and can be traced to two fundamental values, ag ..."
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Cited by 85 (3 self)
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ABSTRACT The literature on personality traits and defense mechanisms suggests individual differences in two self-favoring tendencies, which we label "egoistic bias" and "moralistic bias." The two biases are self-deceptive in nature and can be traced to two fundamental values, agency and communion, that impel two corresponding motives, nPower and nApproval. The two sequences of values, motives, and biases form two personality constellations, Alpha and Gamma. Associated with Alpha is an egoistic bias, a self-deceptive tendency to exaggerate one's social and intellectual status. This tendency leads to
