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Intelligent agents: Theory and practice
- The Knowledge Engineering Review
, 1995
"... The concept of an agent has become important in both Artificial Intelligence (AI) and mainstream computer science. Our aim in this paper is to point the reader at what we perceive to be the most important theoretical and practical issues associated with the design and construction of intelligent age ..."
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Cited by 1441 (85 self)
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The concept of an agent has become important in both Artificial Intelligence (AI) and mainstream computer science. Our aim in this paper is to point the reader at what we perceive to be the most important theoretical and practical issues associated with the design and construction of intelligent agents. For convenience, we divide these issues into three areas (though as the reader will see, the divisions are at times somewhat arbitrary). Agent theory is concerned with the question of what an agent is, and the use of mathematical formalisms for representing and reasoning about the properties of agents. Agent architectures can be thought of as software engineering models of agents; researchers in this area are primarily concerned with the problem of designing software or hardware systems that will satisfy the prop-erties specified by agent theorists. Finally, agent languages are software systems for programming and experimenting with agents; these languages may embody principles proposed by theorists. The paper is not intended to serve as a tutorial introduction to all the issues mentioned; we hope instead simply to identify the most important issues, and point to work that elaborates on them. The article includes a short review of current and potential applications of agent technology.
A Roadmap of Agent Research and Development
- INT JOURNAL OF AUTONOMOUS AGENTS AND MULTI-AGENT SYSTEMS
, 1998
"... This paper provides an overview of research and development activities in the field of autonomous agents and multi-agent systems. It aims to identify key concepts and applications, and to indicate how they relate to one-another. Some historical context to the field of agent-based computing is give ..."
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Cited by 511 (8 self)
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This paper provides an overview of research and development activities in the field of autonomous agents and multi-agent systems. It aims to identify key concepts and applications, and to indicate how they relate to one-another. Some historical context to the field of agent-based computing is given, and contemporary research directions are presented. Finally, a range of open issues and future challenges are highlighted.
Animated Pedagogical Agents: Face-to-Face Interaction in Interactive Learning Environments
- INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN EDUCATION
, 2000
"... Recent years have witnessed the birth of a new paradigm for learning environments: animated pedagogical agents. These lifelike autonomous characters cohabit learning environments with students to create rich, face-to-face learning interactions. This opens up exciting new possibilities; for example, ..."
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Cited by 367 (37 self)
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Recent years have witnessed the birth of a new paradigm for learning environments: animated pedagogical agents. These lifelike autonomous characters cohabit learning environments with students to create rich, face-to-face learning interactions. This opens up exciting new possibilities; for example, agents can demonstrate complex tasks, employ locomotion and gesture to focus students'attention on the most salient aspect of the task at hand, and convey emotional responses to the tutorial situation. Animated pedagogical agents offer great promise for broadening the bandwidth of tutorial communication and increasing learning environments' ability to engage and motivate students. This article sets forth the motivations behind animated pedagogical agents, describes the key capabilities they offer, and discusses the technical issues they raise. The discussion is illustrated with descriptions of a number of animated agents that represent the current state of the art.
The persona effect: Affective impact of animated pedagogical agents
, 1997
"... Animated pedagogical agents that inhabit interactive learning environments can exhibit strikingly lifelike behaviors. In addition to providing problem-solving advice in response to students ’ activities in the learning environment, these agents may also be able to play a powerful motivational role. ..."
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Cited by 270 (15 self)
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Animated pedagogical agents that inhabit interactive learning environments can exhibit strikingly lifelike behaviors. In addition to providing problem-solving advice in response to students ’ activities in the learning environment, these agents may also be able to play a powerful motivational role. To design the most effective agent-based learning environment software, it is essential to understand how students perceive an animated pedagogical agent with regard to affective dimensions such as encouragement, utility, credibility, and clarity. This paper describes a study of the affective impact of animated pedagogical agents on students ’ learning experiences. One hundred middle school students interacted with animated pedagogical agents to assess their perception of agents ’ affective characteristics. The study revealed the persona effect, which is that the presence of a lifelike character in an interactive learning environment—even one that is not expressive— can have a strong positive effect on student’s perception of their learning experience. The study also demonstrates the interesting effect of multiple types of explanatory behaviors on both affective perception and learning performance.
Probabilistic Algorithms and the Interactive Museum Tour-Guide Robot Minerva
, 2000
"... This paper describes Minerva, an interactive tour-guide robot that was successfully deployed in a Smithsonian museum. Minerva's software is pervasively probabilistic, relying on explicit representations of uncertainty in perception and control. This article describes ..."
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Cited by 196 (38 self)
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This paper describes Minerva, an interactive tour-guide robot that was successfully deployed in a Smithsonian museum. Minerva's software is pervasively probabilistic, relying on explicit representations of uncertainty in perception and control. This article describes
A Model of Textual Affect Sensing Using Real-World Knowledge
, 2003
"... This paper presents a novel way for assessing the affective qualities of natural language and a scenario for its use. Previous approaches to textual affect sensing have employed keyword spotting, lexical affinity, statistical methods, and hand-crafted models. This paper demonstrates a new approach, ..."
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Cited by 195 (12 self)
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This paper presents a novel way for assessing the affective qualities of natural language and a scenario for its use. Previous approaches to textual affect sensing have employed keyword spotting, lexical affinity, statistical methods, and hand-crafted models. This paper demonstrates a new approach, using large-scale real-world knowledge about the inherent affective nature of everyday situations (such as "getting into a car accident") to classify sentences into "basic" emotion categories. This commonsense approach has new robustness implications.
The case for social agency in computer-based teaching: Do students learn more deeply when they interact with animated pedagogical agents
- Cognition and Instruction
, 2001
"... how to design the roots, stem, and leaves of plants to survive in 8 different environ-ments through a computer-based multimedia lesson. They learned by interacting with an animated pedagogical agent who spoke to them (Group PA) or received identical graphics and explanations as on-screen text withou ..."
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Cited by 154 (6 self)
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how to design the roots, stem, and leaves of plants to survive in 8 different environ-ments through a computer-based multimedia lesson. They learned by interacting with an animated pedagogical agent who spoke to them (Group PA) or received identical graphics and explanations as on-screen text without a pedagogical agent (Group No PA). Group PA outperformed Group No PA on transfer tests and interest ratings but not on retention tests. To investigate further the basis for this personal agent effect, we varied the interactivity of the agent-based lesson (Experiment 3) and found an
Getting to Know Each Other - Artificial Social Intelligence for Autonomous Robots
- Robotics and Autonomous Systems
, 1995
"... This paper proposes a research direction to study the development of `artificial social intelligence' of autonomous robots which should result in `individualized robot societies'. The approach is highly inspired by the `social intelligence hypothesis', derived from the investigation o ..."
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Cited by 147 (38 self)
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This paper proposes a research direction to study the development of `artificial social intelligence' of autonomous robots which should result in `individualized robot societies'. The approach is highly inspired by the `social intelligence hypothesis', derived from the investigation of primate societies, suggesting that primate intelligence originally evolved to solve social problems and was only later extended to problems outside the social domain. We suggest that it might be a general principle in the evolution of intelligence, applicable to both natural and artificial systems. Arguments are presented why the investigation of social intelligence for artifacts is not only an interesting research issue for the study of biological principles, but may be a necessary prerequisite for those scenarios in which autonomous robots are integrated into human societies, interacting and communicating both with humans and with each other. As a starting point to study experimentally the development ...
The Automated Design of Believable Dialogues for Animated Presentation Teams
- EMBODIED CONVERSATIONAL AGENTS
, 2000
"... this paper, we investigate a new style for presenting information. We introduce the notion of presentation teams which---rather than addressing the user directly---convey information in the style of performances to be observed by the user. The paper is organized as follows. First, we report on our e ..."
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Cited by 125 (15 self)
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this paper, we investigate a new style for presenting information. We introduce the notion of presentation teams which---rather than addressing the user directly---convey information in the style of performances to be observed by the user. The paper is organized as follows. First, we report on our experience with two single animated presentation agents and explain how to evaluate their success. After that, we move to presentation teams and discuss their potential benefits for presentation tasks. In section 2, we describe the basic steps of our approach to the automated generation of performances with multiple characters. This approach has been applied to two different in: J. Cassell, S. Prevost, J. Sullivan, and E. Churchill: Embodied Conversational
