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195
Kronecker Graphs: An Approach to Modeling Networks
- JOURNAL OF MACHINE LEARNING RESEARCH 11 (2010) 985-1042
, 2010
"... How can we generate realistic networks? In addition, how can we do so with a mathematically tractable model that allows for rigorous analysis of network properties? Real networks exhibit a long list of surprising properties: Heavy tails for the in- and out-degree distribution, heavy tails for the ei ..."
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Cited by 122 (3 self)
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How can we generate realistic networks? In addition, how can we do so with a mathematically tractable model that allows for rigorous analysis of network properties? Real networks exhibit a long list of surprising properties: Heavy tails for the in- and out-degree distribution, heavy tails for the eigenvalues and eigenvectors, small diameters, and densification and shrinking diameters over time. Current network models and generators either fail to match several of the above properties, are complicated to analyze mathematically, or both. Here we propose a generative model for networks that is both mathematically tractable and can generate networks that have all the above mentioned structural properties. Our main idea here is to use a non-standard matrix operation, the Kronecker product, to generate graphs which we refer to as “Kronecker graphs”. First, we show that Kronecker graphs naturally obey common network properties. In fact, we rigorously prove that they do so. We also provide empirical evidence showing that Kronecker graphs can effectively model the structure of real networks. We then present KRONFIT, a fast and scalable algorithm for fitting the Kronecker graph generation model to large real networks. A naive approach to fitting would take super-exponential
PowerGraph: Distributed Graph-Parallel Computation on Natural Graphs
"... Large-scale graph-structured computation is central to tasks ranging from targeted advertising to natural language processing and has led to the development of several graph-parallel abstractions including Pregel and GraphLab. However, the natural graphs commonly found in the real-world have highly ..."
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Cited by 117 (4 self)
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Large-scale graph-structured computation is central to tasks ranging from targeted advertising to natural language processing and has led to the development of several graph-parallel abstractions including Pregel and GraphLab. However, the natural graphs commonly found in the real-world have highly skewed power-law degree distributions, which challenge the assumptions made by these abstractions, limiting performance and scalability. In this paper, we characterize the challenges of computation on natural graphs in the context of existing graphparallel abstractions. We then introduce the PowerGraph abstraction which exploits the internal structure of graph programs to address these challenges. Leveraging the PowerGraph abstraction we introduce a new approach to distributed graph placement and representation that exploits the structure of power-law graphs. We provide a detailed analysis and experimental evaluation comparing PowerGraph to two popular graph-parallel systems. Finally, we describe three different implementation strategies for PowerGraph and discuss their relative merits with empirical evaluations on large-scale real-world problems demonstrating order of magnitude gains. 1
GraphChi: Large-scale Graph Computation On just a PC
- In Proceedings of the 10th USENIX conference on Operating Systems Design and Implementation, OSDI’12
, 2012
"... Current systems for graph computation require a distributed computing cluster to handle very large real-world problems, such as analysis on social networks or the web graph. While distributed computational resources have become more accessible, developing distributed graph algorithms still remains c ..."
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Cited by 109 (6 self)
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Current systems for graph computation require a distributed computing cluster to handle very large real-world problems, such as analysis on social networks or the web graph. While distributed computational resources have become more accessible, developing distributed graph algorithms still remains challenging, especially to non-experts. In this work, we present GraphChi, a disk-based system for computing efficiently on graphs with billions of edges. By using a well-known method to break large graphs into small parts, and a novel parallel sliding windows method, GraphChi is able to execute several advanced data mining, graph mining, and machine learning algorithms on very large graphs, using just a single consumer-level computer. We further extend GraphChi to support graphs that evolve over time, and demonstrate that, on a single computer, GraphChi can process over one hundred thousand graph updates per second, while simultaneously performing computation. We show, through experiments and theoretical analysis, that GraphChi performs well on both SSDs and rotational hard drives. By repeating experiments reported for existing distributed systems, we show that, with only fraction of the resources, GraphChi can solve the same problems in very reasonable time. Our work makes large-scale graph computation available to anyone with a modern PC. 1
Defining and Evaluating Network Communities based on Ground-truth. Extended version
, 2012
"... Abstract—Nodes in real-world networks organize into densely linked communities where edges appear with high concentration among the members of the community. Identifying such communities of nodes has proven to be a challenging task mainly due to a plethora of definitions of a community, intractabili ..."
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Cited by 95 (4 self)
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Abstract—Nodes in real-world networks organize into densely linked communities where edges appear with high concentration among the members of the community. Identifying such communities of nodes has proven to be a challenging task mainly due to a plethora of definitions of a community, intractability of algorithms, issues with evaluation and the lack of a reliable gold-standard ground-truth. In this paper we study a set of 230 large real-world social, collaboration and information networks where nodes explicitly state their group memberships. For example, in social networks nodes explicitly join various interest based social groups. We use such groups to define a reliable and robust notion of ground-truth communities. We then propose a methodology which allows us to compare and quantitatively evaluate how different structural definitions of network communities correspond to ground-truth communities. We choose 13 commonly used structural definitions of network communities and examine their sensitivity, robustness and performance in identifying the ground-truth. We show that the 13 structural definitions are heavily correlated and naturally group into four classes. We find that two of these definitions, Conductance and Triad-participation-ratio, consistently give the best performance in identifying ground-truth communities. We also investigate a task of detecting communities given a single seed node. We extend the local spectral clustering algorithm into a heuristic parameter-free community detection method that easily scales to networks with more than hundred million nodes. The proposed method achieves 30 % relative improvement over current local clustering methods. I.
The little engine(s) that could: scaling online social networks
- in ACM SIGCOMM Conference, 2010
"... The difficulty of scaling Online Social Networks (OSNs) has introduced new system design challenges that has often caused costly re-architecting for services like Twitter and Facebook. The complexity of interconnection of users in social networks has introduced new scalability challenges. Convention ..."
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Cited by 67 (5 self)
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The difficulty of scaling Online Social Networks (OSNs) has introduced new system design challenges that has often caused costly re-architecting for services like Twitter and Facebook. The complexity of interconnection of users in social networks has introduced new scalability challenges. Conventional vertical scaling by resorting to full replication can be a costly proposition. Horizontal scaling by partitioning and distributing data among multiples servers – e.g. using DHTs – can lead to costly inter-server communication. We design, implement, and evaluate SPAR, a social partitioning and replication middle-ware that transparently leverages the social graph structure to achieve data locality while minimizing replication. SPAR guarantees that for all users in an OSN, their direct neighbor’s data is co-located in the same server. The gains from this approach are multi-fold: application developers can assume local semantics, i.e., develop as they would for a single server; scalability is achieved by adding commodity servers with low memory and network I/O requirements; and redundancy is achieved at a fraction of the cost. We detail our system design and an evaluation based on datasets from Twitter, Orkut, and Facebook, with a working implementation. We show that SPAR incurs minimum overhead, and can help a well-known open-source Twitter clone reach Twitter’s scale without changing a line of its application logic and achieves higher throughput than Cassandra, Facebook’s DHT based key-value store database.
Overlapping community detection in networks: the state of the art and comparative study
- ACM Comput. Surv
, 2012
"... This paper reviews the state of the art in overlapping community detection algorithms, quality measures, and benchmarks. A thorough comparison of different algorithms (a total of fourteen) is provided. In addition to community level evaluation, we propose a framework for evaluating algorithms ’ abil ..."
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Cited by 64 (6 self)
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This paper reviews the state of the art in overlapping community detection algorithms, quality measures, and benchmarks. A thorough comparison of different algorithms (a total of fourteen) is provided. In addition to community level evaluation, we propose a framework for evaluating algorithms ’ ability to detect overlapping nodes, which helps to assess over-detection and underdetection. After considering community level detection performance measured by Normalized Mutual Information, the Omega index, and node level detection performance measured by F-score, we reached the following conclusions. For low overlapping density networks, SLPA, OSLOM, Game and COPRA offer better performance than the other tested algorithms. For networks with high overlapping density and high overlapping diversity, both SLPA and Game provide relatively stable performance. However, test results also suggest that the detection in such networks is still not yet fully resolved. A common feature observed by various algorithms in real-world networks is the relatively small fraction of overlapping nodes (typically less than 30%), each of which belongs to only 2 or 3 communities.
Measuring the mixing time of social graphs
, 2010
"... Social networks provide interesting algorithmic properties that can be used to bootstrap the security of distributed systems. For example, it is widely believed that social networks are fast mixing, and many recently proposed designs of such systems make crucial use of this property. However, whethe ..."
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Cited by 62 (12 self)
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Social networks provide interesting algorithmic properties that can be used to bootstrap the security of distributed systems. For example, it is widely believed that social networks are fast mixing, and many recently proposed designs of such systems make crucial use of this property. However, whether real-world social networks are really fast mixing is not verified before, and this could potentially affect the performance of such systems based on the fast mixing property. To address this problem, we measure the mixing time of several social graphs, the time that it takes a random walk on the graph to approach the stationary distribution of that graph, using two techniques. First, we use the second largest eigenvalue modulus which bounds the mixing time. Second, we sample initial distributions and compute the random walk length required to achieve probability distributions close to the stationary distribution. Our findings show that the mixing time of social graphs is much larger than anticipated, and being used in literature, and this implies that either the current security systems based on fast mixing have weaker utility guarantees or have to be less efficient, with less security guarantees, in order to compensate for the slower mixing.
Multiplicative Attribute Graph Model of Real-World Networks
, 1009
"... Large scale real-world network data, such as social networks, Internet and Web graphs, are ubiquitous. The study of such social and information networks seeks to find patterns and explain their emergence through tractable models. In most networks, especially in social networks, nodes have a rich set ..."
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Cited by 45 (4 self)
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Large scale real-world network data, such as social networks, Internet and Web graphs, are ubiquitous. The study of such social and information networks seeks to find patterns and explain their emergence through tractable models. In most networks, especially in social networks, nodes have a rich set of attributes (e.g., age, gender) associated with them. However, many existing network models focus on modeling the network structure while ignoring the features of the nodes. Here we present a model that we refer to as the Multiplicative Attribute Graphs (MAG), which naturally captures the interactions between the network structure and node attributes. We consider a model where each node has a vector of categorical latent attributes associated with it. The probability of an edge between a pair of nodes then depends on the product of individual attribute-attribute similarities. This model yields itself to mathematical analysis and we derive thresholds for the connectivity and the emergence of the giant connected component, and show that the model gives rise to graphs with a constant diameter. We analyze the degree distribution to show that the model can produce networks with either log-normal or power-law degree distribution depending on certain conditions. 1
Overlapping community detection at scale: a nonnegative matrix factorization approach
- In WSDM
, 2013
"... Network communities represent basic structures for understanding the organization of real-world networks. A community (also re-ferred to as a module or a cluster) is typically thought of as a group of nodes with more connections amongst its members than between its members and the remainder of the n ..."
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Cited by 37 (5 self)
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Network communities represent basic structures for understanding the organization of real-world networks. A community (also re-ferred to as a module or a cluster) is typically thought of as a group of nodes with more connections amongst its members than between its members and the remainder of the network. Communities in networks also overlap as nodes belong to multiple clusters at once. Due to the difficulties in evaluating the detected communities and the lack of scalable algorithms, the task of overlapping community detection in large networks largely remains an open problem. In this paper we present BIGCLAM (Cluster Affiliation Model for Big Networks), an overlapping community detection method that scales to large networks of millions of nodes and edges. We build on a novel observation that overlaps between communities are densely connected. This is in sharp contrast with present com-munity detection methods which implicitly assume that overlaps between communities are sparsely connected and thus cannot prop-erly extract overlapping communities in networks. In this paper, we develop a model-based community detection algorithm that can detect densely overlapping, hierarchically nested as well as non-overlapping communities in massive networks. We evaluate our al-gorithm on 6 large social, collaboration and information networks with ground-truth community information. Experiments show state of the art performance both in terms of the quality of detected com-munities as well as in speed and scalability of our algorithm.
C.: Imapreduce: a distributed computing framework for iterative computation
- In: Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Data Intensive Computing in the Clouds (DataCloud
, 2011
"... Abstract—Relational data are pervasive in many applications such as data mining or social network analysis. These relational data are typically massive containing at least millions or hundreds of millions of relations. This poses demand for the design of distributed computing frameworks for processi ..."
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Cited by 35 (11 self)
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Abstract—Relational data are pervasive in many applications such as data mining or social network analysis. These relational data are typically massive containing at least millions or hundreds of millions of relations. This poses demand for the design of distributed computing frameworks for processing these data on a large cluster. MapReduce is an example of such a framework. However, many relational data based applications typically require parsing the relational data iteratively and need to operate on these data through many iterations. MapReduce lacks built-in support for the iterative process. This paper presents iMapReduce, a framework that supports iterative processing. iMapReduce allows users to specify the iterative operations with map and reduce functions, while supporting the iterative processing automatically without the need of users ’ involvement. More importantly, iMapReduce significantly improves the performance of iterative algorithms by (1) reducing the overhead of creating a new task in every iteration, (2) eliminating the shuffling of the static data in the shuffle stage of MapReduce, and (3) allowing asynchronous execution of each iteration, i.e., an iteration can start before all tasks of a previous iteration have finished. We implement iMapReduce based on Apache Hadoop, and show that iMapReduce can achieve a factor of 1.2 to 5 speedup over those implemented on MapReduce for well-known iterative algorithms. I.
