url: www.stat.umn.edu/geyer/gdor Abstract: When in a full exponential family the maximum likelihood estimate (MLE) does not exist, the MLE may exist in the Barndorff-Nielsen completion of the family. We propose a practical algorithm for finding the MLE in the completion based on repeated linear programming using the R contributed package rcdd and illustrate it with two generalized linear model examples. When the MLE for the null hypothesis lies in the completion, likelihood ratio tests of model comparison are almost unchanged from the usual case. Only the degrees of freedom need to be adjusted. When the MLE lies in the completion, confidence intervals are changed much more from the usual case. The MLE of the natural parameter can be thought of as having gone to infinity in a certain direction, which we call a generic direction of recession. We propose a new one-sided confidence interval which says how close to infinity the natural parameter may be. This maps to one-sided confidence intervals for mean values showing how close to the

for this article. The authors would like to extend thanks to the editor, several of the special issue co-editors, the three reviewers, and to Julia McQuillan and Diana Niaghi for their helpful comments. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Much family research in Consumer Behavior has implicitly assumed that gender roles are shifting within the household, yet there is a dearth of direct investigation of that assumption. However, to understand the dynamic nature of households, we need to understand the manner in which spouses do gender. An examination of gender in the household is also important because many differences observed in household research do not appear to be biologically inevitable, but socially enforced. We use the three theoretical gender traditions noted by Risman (1998) to evaluate gender research in sociology in general and consumer behavior in particular as it pertains to the roles that husbands and wives play in household consumption. Specifically, we review research on decision-making, leisure, sharing of labor, and conflict resolution. We suggest that most research has fallen within the gendered-self tradition (whether the sex differences noted are due to biology or socialization) and agree with Risman and Connell’s (1987) recommendation that gender needs to be investigated at the axis of the individual, the interaction among individuals, and the oversight of social institutions.