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... positive emotions whereas the right prefrontal lobe plays a greater role in negative ones (Canli et al., 1998). The intensity of mental activity correlated negatively with theta activity over frontal and mid and right central brain regions, suggesting that less internal dialogue was related to more activation in these regions. Frontal theta activity is thought to originate from limbic and frontal brain regions such as the anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortex and has been shown to be increased during both affective and attentional states such as emotion processing and sustained attention (Asada et al., 1999; Deiber et al., 2007; Gevins and Smith, 2000; Rachbauer et al., 2003; Sauseng et al., 2007). There was also increased activation in the alpha power range over the same regions, which is thought to reflect a reduction in brain regions that mediate mental effort and external attention (Osaka, 1984; Gevins et al., 1997; McEvoy et al., 2000). Increased activation in alpha activity has commonly been observed in Meditators of different traditions and been found to correlate with reduced levels of anxiety (Cahn and Polich, 2006). This pattern of increased fronto-parietal theta activity has also been...

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...n midline structures. Numerous EEG/MEG studies have indicated that frontal theta power increases detectable in cognitive tasks are generated in the medial prefrontal cortex and/or anterior cingulate (=-=Asada et al. 1999-=-; Ishii et al. 1999; Luu et al. 2004; Onton et al. 2005), and these findings have been corroborated by direct intracranial recordings in human (Uchida et al. 2003; Wang et al. 2005) and monkey (Tsujim...

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...rowsiness as the source of the theta activity in this study. Frontal midline theta activity is generated by anterior cingulate cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, and/or dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (=-=Asada, Fukuda, Tsunoda, Yamaguchi, & Tonoike, 1999-=-; Ishii et al., 1999). This activity is correlated with attention-demanding tasks (A. Gevins, M. E. Smith, L. McEvoy, & D. Yu, 1997; Kubota et al., 2001), and subjects exhibiting greater theta activit...

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...x (ACC) in the psychopathology of depression (for a review,ssee Pizzagalli et al., 2003): Indeed, the ACC had been proposed as a possible neuronal source ofsfrontal theta activity in the human brain (=-=Asada et al., 1999-=-; Ishii et al., 1999). At the same time,sobserved in the present study distributed theta decrease may reflect a hippocampal dysfunction.s18 Indeed, it was suggested that MDD psychopathology involves h...

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...completing 8 weeks of MBSR. Neuroimaging studies also showed the effects of meditation practice on ACC activity (Hölzel et al., 2007; Tang et al., 2009). Grant, Courtemanche, Duerden, Duncan, and Rainville (2010) in an analysis of brain gray matter, demonstrated a greater cortical thickness in experienced meditators, in the dorsal ACC, and Tang et al. (2010) found that 11 h of a program containing mindfulness practice led to an increase in white matter integrity in the ACC. Finally, an increased frontal midline theta rhythm, which presumably reflects ACC and medial prefrontal cortex activity (Asada, Fukuda, Tsunoda, Yamaguchi, & Tonoike, 1999), was found during meditation (Aftanas & Golocheikine, 2002; Kubota et al., 2001). To conclude, both neuropsychological results and theoretical conceptualizations of mindfulness seem to indicate meta-cognitive formulation of the phenomenon. 4. Metacognitive model of mindfulness The presented model of mindfulness (Fig. 1) is based on the broader model of metacognition proposed by Efklides (2008). We adapted her conception to frame cognitive and metacognitive processes engaged in the mindful processing of information. Our model describes the state of mindfulness as it is understood and defined ...

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...believed to reflect locally generatedsactivity and also the influence of activity in limbic regions such as the anteriorscingulate cortex (ACC) which are interconnected anatomically and functionallys(=-=Asada et al. 1999-=-; Ishii et al. 1999; Desiraju 1976; Vogt and Pandya 1987; Koski andsPaus 2000). Ian A. Cook et al. Ancient Architectural Acoustic Resonance Patterns and Regional Brain Activity 99 Time and Mind Volume...

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...ed with increased memory load and attention (Jensen and Tesche, 2002; Sauseng et al., 2007). Anterior cingulate gyrus is considered to be the generator for the second kind of theta band oscillations (=-=Asada et al., 1999-=-; Luu et al., 2003; Onton et al., 2005). 47 Next up is the alpha band (8-13Hz). Alpha rhythms can be easily seen over the parietal-occipital regions while resting with eyes closed. They immediately di...

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...ioned theta ERS, our data are consistentwith previous reports (Sauseng et al., 2007), linking the frontal midline theta activity to cingular cortex, as demonstrated by different techniques (i.e. MEG; =-=Asada et al., 1999-=-; Ishii et al., 1999). Interestingly, in our study the theta ERS localized in the ACC displayed a clear decrease linked tomotor learning. This could reflect a reduction in attention-demanding sensory ...