Abstract not found

The goal of graph clustering is to partition vertices in a large graph into different clusters based on various criteria such as vertex connectivity or neighborhood similarity. Graph clustering techniques are very useful for detecting densely connected groups in a large graph. Many existing graph clustering methods mainly focus on the topological structure for clustering, but largely ignore the vertex properties which are often heterogenous. In this paper, we propose a novel graph clustering algorithm, SA-Cluster, based on both structural and attribute similarities through a unified distance measure. Our method partitions a large graph associated with attributes into k clusters so that each cluster contains a densely connected subgraph with homogeneous attribute values. An effective method is proposed to automatically learn the degree of contributions of structural similarity and attribute similarity. Theoretical analysis is provided to show that SA-Cluster is converging. Extensive experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of SA-Cluster through comparison with the state-of-the-art graph clustering and summarization methods. 1.

Fig. 0.1. [Proposed cover figure.] The largest connected component of a network of network scientists. This network was constructed based on the coauthorship of papers listed in two wellknown review articles [13,83] and a small number of additional papers that were added manually [86]. Each node is colored according to community membership, which was determined using a leading-eigenvector spectral method followed by Kernighan-Lin node-swapping steps [64, 86, 107]. To determine community placement, we used the Fruchterman-Reingold graph visualization [45], a force-directed layout method that is related to maximizing a quality function known as modularity [92]. To apply this method, we treated the communities as if they were themselves the nodes of a (significantly smaller) network with connections rescaled by inter-community links. We then used the Kamada-Kawaii spring-embedding graph visualization algorithm [62] to place the nodes of each individual community (ignoring inter-community links) and then to rotate and flip the communities for optimal placement (including inter-community links). We gratefully acknowledge Amanda Traud for preparing this figure. COMMUNITIES IN NETWORKS

This paper presents a survey as well as a systematic empirical comparison of seven graph kernels and two related similarity matrices (simply referred to as graph kernels), namely the exponential diffusion kernel, the Laplacian exponential diffusion kernel, the von Neumann diffusion kernel, the regularized Laplacian kernel, the commute-time kernel, the random-walk-with-restart similarity matrix, and finally, three graph kernels introduced in this paper: the regularized commute-time kernel, the Markov diffusion kernel, and the cross-entropy diffusion matrix. The kernel-on-a-graph approach is simple and intuitive. It is illustrated by applying the nine graph kernels to a collaborative-recommendation task and to a semisupervised classification task, both on several databases. The graph methods compute proximity measures between nodes that help study the structure of the graph. Our comparisons suggest that the regularized commute-time and the Markov diffusion kernels perform best, closely followed by the regularized Laplacian kernel. 1

been adapted to modularity clustering. Section 4 details the single-level and multi-level refinement heuristics, and Section 5.3 compares them experimentally. Because the effectiveness of (particularly multi-level) refinement may depend on the coarsening algorithm, Section 5.4 examines various combinations of coarsening and refinement heuristics. Section 6 compares public implementations and benchmark results of modularity clustering heuristics, without a restriction to coarsening and refinement algorithms. While this is one of the most extensive comparisons in the literature, it is far from exhaustive, because implementations and sufficient experimental results have not been published for some proposed heurisarXiv:0812.4073v1

This work introduces a new family of link-based dissimilarity measures between nodes of a weighted directed graph. This measure, called the randomized shortest-path (RSP) dissimilarity, depends on a parameter θ and has the interesting property of reducing, on one end, to the standard shortest-path distance when θ is large and, on the other end, to the commute-time (or resistance) distance when θ is small (near zero). Intuitively, it corresponds to the expected cost incurred by a random walker in order to reach a destination node from a starting node while maintaining a constant entropy (related to θ) spread in the graph. The parameter θ is therefore biasing gradually the simple random walk on the graph towards the shortest-path policy. By adopting a statistical physics approach and computing a sum over all the possible paths (discrete path integral), it is shown that the RSP dissimilarity from every node to a particular node of interest can be computed efficiently by solving two linear systems of n equations, where n is the number of nodes. On the other hand, the dissimilarity between every couple of nodes is obtained by inverting an n × n matrix. The proposed measure can be used for various graph mining tasks such as computing betweenness centrality, finding dense communities, etc, as shown in the experimental section.

Abstract not found

Studies of community structure and evolution in large social networks require a fast and accurate algorithm for community detection. As the size of analyzed communities grows, complexity of the community detection algorithm needs to be kept close to linear. The Label Propagation Algorithm (LPA) has the benefits of nearly-linear running time and easy implementation, thus it forms a good basis for efficient community detection methods. In this paper, we propose new update rule and label propagation criterion in LPA to improve both its computational efficiency and the quality of communities that it detects. The speed is optimized by avoiding unnecessary updates performed by the original algorithm. This change reduces significantly (by order of magnitude for large networks) the number of iterations that the algorithm executes. We also evaluate our generalization of the LPA update rule that takes into account, with varying strength, connections to the neighborhood of a node considering a new label. Experiments on computer generated networks and a wide range of social networks show that our new rule improves the quality of the detected communities compared to those found by the original LPA. The benefit of considering positive neighborhood strength is pronounced especially on real-world networks containing sufficiently large fraction of nodes with high clustering coefficient.

I start by reviewing some basic properties of random graphs. I then consider the role of random walks in complex networks and show how they may be used to explain why so many long tailed distributions are found in real data sets. The key idea is that in many cases the process involves copying of properties of near neighbours in the network and this is a type of short random walk which in turn produce a natural preferential attachment mechanism. Applying this to networks of fixed size I show that copying and innovation are processes with special mathematical properties which include the ability to solve a simple model exactly for any parameter values and at any time. I finish by looking at variations of this basic model. 1 Random Graphs and Random Walks In this paper we will focus on undirected graphs where the links between vertices have no values or directions associated with them. These restrictions can be relaxed in many of the situations examined here but it simplifies the discussion without losing the essential points. In general we will allow edges to start and end on the same vertex (tadpoles), and for multiple edges between vertices so Fig. 1 is a simple example. Our graphs or networks (the terms are used interchangeably here) consist then of N

Abstract—This work introduces a link-based covariance measure between the nodes of a weighted directed graph where a cost is associated to each arc. To this end, a probability distribution on the (usually infinite) countable set of paths through the graph is defined by minimizing the total expected cost between all pairs of nodes while fixing the total relative entropy spread in the graph. This results in a Boltzmann distribution on the set of paths such that long (high-cost) paths occur with a low probability while short (low-cost) paths occur with a high probability. The sum-over-paths (SoP) covariance measure between nodes is then defined according to this probability distribution: two nodes are considered as highly correlated if they often co-occur together on the same – preferably short – paths. The resulting covariance matrix between nodes (say n nodes in total) is a Gram matrix and therefore defines a valid kernel on the graph. It is obtained by inverting a n × n matrix depending on the costs assigned to the arcs. In the same spirit, a betweenness score is also defined, measuring the expected number of times a node occurs on a path. The proposed measures could be used for various graph mining tasks such as computing betweenness centrality, semi-supervised classification of nodes, visualization, etc, as shown in the experimental section. Index Terms—Graph mining, kernel on a graph, shortest path, correlation measure, betweenness measure, resistance distance, commute-time distance, biased random walk, semi-supervised classification.