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...05 IEEE 465sapproach involves no physical contact between the patient and therapist, and thus presents an excellent candidate for a social assistive robot solution, as our other work has demonstrated =-=[13]-=-. By using their own limbs, patients learn more generalizable skills and tend to exercise longer, useful behavior patterns [37]. The capability to encourage and train such exercise activity can be emp...

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...sfully applied in our work toward therapist robots Figure 1: Our therapist robot that assist, encourage and socially interact with users in the context of convalescence, rehabilitation, and education =-=[4, 5, 7, 10]-=-. Our work to date shows that the robot’s personality and its social competence, expressedsthrough body language and verbal interaction, are likely more important than its physical appearance. Our rob...

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... human robot interaction, with the role of providing inherently safe robot technologies that aid patient training and recovery through social, rather than physical, interaction. Our previous research =-=[5, 10]-=- indicates that the encouragement offered by a robot during hands-off therapy assistance may convince people to exercise more in various recovery contexts. However, since our robots do not physically ...

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...e mobile robot. This robot participated in simple therapeutic interactions with patients post-stroke in the process of performing rehabilitation exercises such as arm movements and shelving magazines =-=[17]-=-. The approach involved the development of a safe, user-friendly, and affordable mobile robot, capable of following the patient in an indoor environment. The robot monitored the patient's use of the s...

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...cs, which focuses on the social interaction, rather than the physical interaction between the robot and the human user, has the potential to enhance the quality of life for large populations of users =-=[7,12,28]-=-. Post-stroke rehabilitation is one of the largest potential application domains, since stroke is a dominant cause of severe disability in the growing ageing population. In the US alone, over 750,000 ...

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...robotics, where it has been shown that assistance primarily through social interaction may have therapeutic benefit. Our group has developed SAR systems to augment rehabilitative care for post-stroke =-=[9, 30]-=-, where a robot verbally encourages a user to keep to a therapy regimen consisting of functional arm exercises, and post-operative cardiac care [19], where a robot reminds a patient to perform spirome...

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...stem. The simulated robot replaces the physical robot altogether, rendering the robot to a computer monitor and playing the audio feedback directly for the human. IV. METHOD Drawing on our prior work =-=[9]-=-, which showed that even simple robots can be engaging in the post-stroke context, we designed a very simple robot that can act autonomously for the task. We designed the task to have some amount of d...

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...explicit communication has led many researchers to investigate the utility of implicit user state cues, such as physiological responses [12]. In the past, robotic coaches have relied on movement cues =-=[4]-=- to determine user state. However, physical user Maja J. Matarić † Shrikanth Narayanan ‡ ‡ Speech Analysis and Interpretation Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering University of Southern Cal...

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...aditional artificial speech solutions, such as Festival [5], can be hard for users to understand. In contrast, a pre-recorded human voice has been effective in assistive and interactive robot domains =-=[8]-=-. Some suggest, however, that in order to provide accurate expectations of a robot’s capabilities, the robot should sound more mechanical than human [7]. Thus, we used the AT&T text-to-speech system [...