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The Structure of Foreign Trade
, 1999
"... this paper what we know about foreign trade and in what ways our understanding has improved as a result of the last 20 years of research ..."
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Cited by 985 (16 self)
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this paper what we know about foreign trade and in what ways our understanding has improved as a result of the last 20 years of research
Is Globalization Today Really Different than Globalization a Hunderd Years Ago?” NBER Working Paper No. W7195
, 1999
"... The effects of globalization — on the United States and more generally — is the topic of the day. Officials, academics and market participants all sense that the integration of national economies and the development of international markets have gone further than ever before. The extent of integrati ..."
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Cited by 113 (4 self)
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The effects of globalization — on the United States and more generally — is the topic of the day. Officials, academics and market participants all sense that the integration of national economies and the development of international markets have gone further than ever before. The extent of integration in turn creates a growing sense of helplessness about the ability of nations to control their destinies in the face of global markets. Does the growth of global markets pose a threat to distinctive national social systems? Does a world characterized by high levels of trade and large international capital flows jeopardize social cohesion and economic and financial stability and therefore require the strengthening of national safety nets and international institutions, perhaps including a world financial regulator and an international lender of last resort, or can private markets develop mechanisms for containing these risks? And, failing this, will governments retreat toward financial autarchy and succumb to populist pressures for trade protectionism? The idea that globalization today is unprecedented (if not necessarily the preceding paragraph’s pessimistic vision) is implicit in publications like Lawrence, Bressand and Ito (1996) and much informed policy discussion. But there is also an undercurrent which recognizes that
International Migration and the Integration of Labor Markets", in
- Journal of Labor Economics
, 2003
"... *We appreciate the many helpful comments we received on earlier drafts from the organizers and participants in this NBER project. We are particularly grateful to Riccardo Faini and C:\mydocuments\chiswickb_paper3.doc Jeffrey Williamson for constructive suggestions. We are, however, solely responsibl ..."
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Cited by 56 (6 self)
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*We appreciate the many helpful comments we received on earlier drafts from the organizers and participants in this NBER project. We are particularly grateful to Riccardo Faini and C:\mydocuments\chiswickb_paper3.doc Jeffrey Williamson for constructive suggestions. We are, however, solely responsible for any errors of omission or commission.
Globalization and the Challenge for Developing Countries
, 2001
"... this paper are the authors' own. They should not be attributed to the World Bank, its Board of Directors, its management, or any of its member countries. Globalization and the Challenge for Developing Countries The Rise and Future of Globalization The twentieth century began when the first wav ..."
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this paper are the authors' own. They should not be attributed to the World Bank, its Board of Directors, its management, or any of its member countries. Globalization and the Challenge for Developing Countries The Rise and Future of Globalization The twentieth century began when the first wave of globalization was approaching its peak. It has ended on the rising crest of a second wave far more forceful than the first. Globalization is a source of both hope and of apprehension. One reading of economic change over the past hundred years points to strong benefits from closer integration Openness to trade, factor flows, ideas and information have powerfully stimulated progress, economic and political. The most open nations are at the forefront of the advance. And when the leading industrial economies turned inwards after the First World War, the retreat from globalization was a grave setback for the entire community of nations. By some estimates, the spread of tariff and non tariff barriers affected between 50 and 70 per cent of total trade (Crafts 2000). It was only after the process was resumed slowly and fitfully in the 1950s, that the economic tempo quickened and resulted in five golden decades
Sustaining Income Growth in a Globalising World: The Search for the N th Rent‟, Working Paper (Sussex
- Institute of Development Studies), Kreukels, A
, 2004
"... Heightened competition in global markets threatens the sustainability of incomes in almost all sectors and in almost all countries. Rapid technological progress and growing capabilities amongst a widening pool of producers require an agile approach in the direction of innovation and learning. This p ..."
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Cited by 3 (0 self)
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Heightened competition in global markets threatens the sustainability of incomes in almost all sectors and in almost all countries. Rapid technological progress and growing capabilities amongst a widening pool of producers require an agile approach in the direction of innovation and learning. This paper provides an overview for dynamic positioning in the global economy. It identifies the associated concepts of rents and barriers to entry as providing the key to sustainable income growth and provides and discusses a taxonomy for positioning by firms, groups of firms, RTOs and governments. The analysis is situated in relation to sustaining income growth in the global economy (and particularly by developing country producers), but the argument has wider relevance to producers, supporting institutions and governments in all countries, and not just in the traded-goods sectors. Key words:
GLOBALIZING HEALTH BENEFITS FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
, 2002
"... TMD Discussion Papers contain preliminary material and research results, and are circulated prior to a full peer review in order to stimulate discussion and critical comment. It is expected that most Discussion Papers will eventually be published in some other form, and that their content may also b ..."
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TMD Discussion Papers contain preliminary material and research results, and are circulated prior to a full peer review in order to stimulate discussion and critical comment. It is expected that most Discussion Papers will eventually be published in some other form, and that their content may also be revised. This paper is available at
Income convergence during the disintegration of the world economy, 19191939. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 2941
, 2003
"... Some economists have argued that the process of continued and even accelerated. Since the mid-19th disintegration of the world economy between the two century, incomes of rich countries tended to converge in world wars led to income divergence between the peacetime regardless of whether their econom ..."
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Some economists have argued that the process of continued and even accelerated. Since the mid-19th disintegration of the world economy between the two century, incomes of rich countries tended to converge in world wars led to income divergence between the peacetime regardless of whether their economies were countries. This is in keeping with the view that economic more or less integrated. This, in turn, implies that it may integration leads to income convergence. The paper not be trade and capital and labor flows that matter for shows that the view that the period 1919-39 was income convergence but some other, less easily associated with divergence of incomes among the rich observable, forces like diffusion of information and countries is wrong. On the contrary, income convergence technology. This paper-a product of the Poverty Team, Development Research Group-is part of a larger effort in the group to study
Forces Shaping the Future Workforce and Workplace in the United States
"... This PDF document was made available from www.rand.org as a public service of the RAND Corporation. Jump down to document6 The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit research organization providing objective analysis and effective solutions that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors ..."
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This PDF document was made available from www.rand.org as a public service of the RAND Corporation. Jump down to document6 The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit research organization providing objective analysis and effective solutions that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors around the world. Support RAND Purchase this document
Globalization: Historical Perspective and Prospects
, 2001
"... Economies around the world have become increasingly integrated, thereby enhancing productivity growth and expanding consumer choices. In many nations, globalization has been accompanied by an increase in living standard hardly imagined just a generation ago. But perceived consequences for income dis ..."
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Economies around the world have become increasingly integrated, thereby enhancing productivity growth and expanding consumer choices. In many nations, globalization has been accompanied by an increase in living standard hardly imagined just a generation ago. But perceived consequences for income distribution, environmental quality, and national sovereignty have also made globalization the focus of widespread controversy. This paper reviews alternative measures of globalization and identifies forces that promote and those that limit globalization. In significant ways, the world economy is now more integrated than even at the height of the previous wave of globalization a century ago. However, history shows that globalization and its benefits are highly vulnerable to political factors. While the Great Depression unleashed protectionist policies in many nations, the backlash to globalization started earlier, during prosperous times, in response to redistributive consequences. Although similar redistributive pressures are evident today, national governments are now better equipped to ensure a politically acceptable sharing of globalization's benefits. Globalization today confronts a second threat with no close historical parallel. This
Quiescent Economies: Real Wages, Relative Factor Prices and Commodity Price Convergence in the Third World Before 1940
, 1999
"... JEL No: Ni, 04 This paper uses a new pre-1940 Third World data base documenting real wages and relative factor prices to explore their determinants. There are three possibilities: external price shocks, factor ..."
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JEL No: Ni, 04 This paper uses a new pre-1940 Third World data base documenting real wages and relative factor prices to explore their determinants. There are three possibilities: external price shocks, factor
