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...is both.sIndividuals possess dispositional goal orientations characterized by the chronic pursuit of asparticular type of goal (e.g., learning, performance-avoid) in different situations across times(=-=DeShon & Gillespie, 2005-=-).sHowever, the goals that individuals adopt during an achievementssituation can also be influenced by situational factors.sAs Button, Mathieu, and Zajac (1996, p.s28) state, “dispositional goal orien...

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...s of lower-order and/or higher-order goals.sLower-order goals refer tosthe specifics or the “how” of the actions, whereas higher-order goals refer to the purposesor the “why” of the actions (also see =-=DeShon & Gillespie, 2005-=-).sFor example, the actions“conducting a study” would be considered as “advancing science” at a higher-level ofsconstrual or identification, whereas it would be seen as “testing hypotheses” at a lower...

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...want to succeed in their job, just like everyone else, and the two main goals they strive to attain appear to be “mastery” (i.e. I want to succeed) and “failure avoidance” (i.e. I don’t want to fail) =-=[5,24,25]-=-. Self-regulation depends also on the focus of the coping strategies and the main goal. Subsequently, being a role model in the way that teachers respond to feedback is not self-evident. Role modeling...

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...shed thatsachievement goals impact where employees direct their attention, the type and amount ofsmotivation individuals and groups feel as well as a host of important work outcomes (Forsreviews, see =-=DeShon & Gillespie, 2005-=-; Dierdorff & Ellington, 2012; Dragoni & Kuenzi, 2012).sManagement scholars tend to conceptualize achievement goals in ways that can be classifiedsusing a two-by-two framework.sMore specifically, the ...

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...ically structured such that goals at high levels of the hierarchy specify why actions are undertaken and lower level goals specify how the higher-level goals can be met (e.g., Carver & Scheier, 1998; =-=DeShon & Gillespie, 2005-=-, Powers, 1973). The development of self-regulatory models initiated the pursuit of individual differences in the self-regulatory process. Individual differences in the self-regulatory process address...

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...ent of control theory is the idea that people pursue goals ranging fromsdistal self-goals, such as agency and esteem, to more proximal achievement and action plansgoals (Carver & Scheier, 1981, 1994; =-=DeShon & Gillespie, 2005-=-; Diefendorff & Gosserand,s2003; Martin & Tesser, 1989, 1996, 2006). At work, these more proximal goals are usuallysachieved via behaviors such as seeking feedback, allocating resources, and managings...

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...ntation is thus proposed as aspotential moderator of the effects of mood on creativity.sGoal orientation is fundamentally about self-regulation in response to achievementssituations (for reviews, see =-=DeShon & Gillespie, 2005-=-; Payne, Youngcourt, & Beaubien, 2007).sGoal orientation constructs are divided into approach and avoidance orientations. Approach goalsorientation is further divided into two types (Dweck & Leggett, ...