Results 1 - 10
of
667
Making Gnutella-like P2P Systems Scalable
, 2003
"... Napster pioneered the idea of peer-to-peer file sharing, and supported it with a centralized file search facility. Subsequent P2P systems like Gnutella adopted decentralized search algorithms. However, Gnutella's notoriously poor scaling led some to propose distributed hash table solutions to t ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 428 (1 self)
- Add to MetaCart
(Show Context)
Napster pioneered the idea of peer-to-peer file sharing, and supported it with a centralized file search facility. Subsequent P2P systems like Gnutella adopted decentralized search algorithms. However, Gnutella's notoriously poor scaling led some to propose distributed hash table solutions to the wide-area file search problem. Contrary to that trend, we advocate retaining Gnutella's simplicity while proposing new mechanisms that greatly improve its scalability. Building upon prior research [1, 12, 22], we propose several modifications to Gnutella's design that dynamically adapt the overlay topology and the search algorithms in order to accommodate the natural heterogeneity present in most peer-to-peer systems. We test our design through simulations and the results show three to five orders of magnitude improvement in total system capacity. We also report on a prototype implementation and its deployment on a testbed. Categories and Subject Descriptors C.2 [Computer Communication Networks]: Distributed Systems General Terms Algorithms, Design, Performance, Experimentation Keywords Peer-to-peer, distributed hash tables, Gnutella 1.
A survey of peer-to-peer content distribution technologies
- ACM Computing Surveys
, 2004
"... Distributed computer architectures labeled “peer-to-peer ” are designed for the sharing of computer resources (content, storage, CPU cycles) by direct exchange, rather than requiring the intermediation or support of a centralized server or authority. Peer-to-peer architectures are characterized by t ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 369 (7 self)
- Add to MetaCart
Distributed computer architectures labeled “peer-to-peer ” are designed for the sharing of computer resources (content, storage, CPU cycles) by direct exchange, rather than requiring the intermediation or support of a centralized server or authority. Peer-to-peer architectures are characterized by their ability to adapt to failures and accommodate transient populations of nodes while maintaining acceptable connectivity and performance. Content distribution is an important peer-to-peer application on the Internet that has received considerable research attention. Content distribution applications typically allow personal computers to function in a coordinated manner as a distributed storage medium by contributing, searching, and obtaining digital content. In this survey, we propose a framework for analyzing peer-to-peer content distribution technologies. Our approach focuses on nonfunctional characteristics such as security, scalability, performance, fairness, and resource management potential, and examines the way in which these characteristics are reflected in—and affected by—the architectural design decisions adopted by current peer-to-peer systems. We study current peer-to-peer systems and infrastructure technologies in terms of their distributed object location and routing mechanisms, their approach to content replication, caching and migration, their support for encryption, access control, authentication and identity, anonymity, deniability, accountability and reputation, and their use of resource trading and management schemes.
Replication Strategies in Unstructured Peer-to-Peer Networks
, 2002
"... The Peer-to-Peer (P2P) architectures that are most prevalent in today's Internet are decentralized and unstructured. Search is blind in that it is independent of the query and is thus not more effective than probing randomly chosen peers. One technique to improve the effectiveness of blind sear ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 320 (7 self)
- Add to MetaCart
(Show Context)
The Peer-to-Peer (P2P) architectures that are most prevalent in today's Internet are decentralized and unstructured. Search is blind in that it is independent of the query and is thus not more effective than probing randomly chosen peers. One technique to improve the effectiveness of blind search is to proactively replicate data.
Random Walks in Peer-to-Peer Networks
, 2004
"... We quantify the effectiveness of random walks for searching and construction of unstructured peer-to-peer (P2P) networks. For searching, we argue that random walks achieve improvement over flooding in the case of clustered overlay topologies and in the case of re-issuing the same request several tim ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 225 (3 self)
- Add to MetaCart
We quantify the effectiveness of random walks for searching and construction of unstructured peer-to-peer (P2P) networks. For searching, we argue that random walks achieve improvement over flooding in the case of clustered overlay topologies and in the case of re-issuing the same request several times. For construction, we argue that an expander can be maintained dynamically with constant operations per addition. The key technical ingredient of our approach is a deep result of stochastic processes indicating that samples taken from consecutive steps of a random walk can achieve statistical properties similar to independent sampling (if the second eigenvalue of the transition matrix is bounded away from 1, which translates to good expansion of the network; such connectivity is desired, and believed to hold, in every reasonable network and network model). This property has been previously used in complexity theory for construction of pseudorandom number generators. We reveal another facet of this theory and translate savings in random bits to savings in processing overhead.
P-Grid: A Self-organizing Structured P2P System
, 2003
"... this paper was supported in part by the National Competence Center in Research on Mobile Information and Communication Systems (NCCR-MICS), a center supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation under grant number 5005-67322 and by SNSF grant 2100064994, "Peer-to-Peer Information Syst ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 154 (19 self)
- Add to MetaCart
this paper was supported in part by the National Competence Center in Research on Mobile Information and Communication Systems (NCCR-MICS), a center supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation under grant number 5005-67322 and by SNSF grant 2100064994, "Peer-to-Peer Information Systems." messages. From the responses it (randomly) selects certain peers to which direct network links are established
Can Heterogeneity Make Gnutella Scalable?
- In Proceedings of the first International Workshop on Peer-to-Peer Systems
, 2002
"... this paper, we assume that c i denotes the maximum number of messages node i is willing/able to process over a given time interval T . A node i is connected, at the application-level, to a set of neighbor nodes, denoted nbr(i). For each of j 2 nbr(i) a node i maintains the following information: i ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 124 (1 self)
- Add to MetaCart
(Show Context)
this paper, we assume that c i denotes the maximum number of messages node i is willing/able to process over a given time interval T . A node i is connected, at the application-level, to a set of neighbor nodes, denoted nbr(i). For each of j 2 nbr(i) a node i maintains the following information: in[j; i]: the number of incoming messages from node j to i in the last time interval T . Every node i reports its total incoming rate (in[; i] = j2nbr(i) in[j; i]) to all its neighbors
Adaptive probabilistic search for peer-to-peer networks
- In: Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on peer-to-peer computing
, 2003
"... Peer-to-Peer networks are gaining increasing attention from both the scientific and the large Internet user community. Popular applications utilizing this new technology offer many attractive features to a growing number of users. At the heart of such networks lies the search algorithm. Proposed met ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 107 (6 self)
- Add to MetaCart
(Show Context)
Peer-to-Peer networks are gaining increasing attention from both the scientific and the large Internet user community. Popular applications utilizing this new technology offer many attractive features to a growing number of users. At the heart of such networks lies the search algorithm. Proposed methods either depend on the network-disastrous flooding and its variations or utilize various indices too expensive to maintain. In this paper, we describe an adaptive, bandwidth-efficient algorithm for search in unstructured Peer-to-Peer networks, the Adaptive Probabilistic Search method (APS). Our scheme utilizes feedback from previous searches to probabilistically guide future ones. It performs efficient object discovery while inducing zero overhead over dynamic network operations. Extensive simulation results show that APS achieves high success rates, increased number of discovered objects, very low bandwidth consumption and adaptation to changing topologies. 1.
Hybrid search schemes for unstructured peer-to-peer networks
- In Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM
, 2005
"... Abstract — We study hybrid search schemes for unstructured peer-to-peer networks. We quantify performance in terms of number of hits, network overhead, and response time. Our schemes combine flooding and random walks, look ahead and replication. We consider both regular topologies and topologies wit ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 99 (2 self)
- Add to MetaCart
(Show Context)
Abstract — We study hybrid search schemes for unstructured peer-to-peer networks. We quantify performance in terms of number of hits, network overhead, and response time. Our schemes combine flooding and random walks, look ahead and replication. We consider both regular topologies and topologies with supernodes. We introduce a general search scheme, of which flooding and random walks are special instances, and show how to use locally maintained network information to improve the performance of searching. Our main findings are: (a)A small number of supernodes in an otherwise regular topology can offer sharp savings in the performance of search, both in the case of search by flooding and search by random walk, particularly when it is combined with 1-step replication. We quantify, analytically and experimentally, that the reason of these savings is that the search is biased towards nodes that yield more information. (b)There is a generalization of search, of which flooding and random walk are special instances, which may take further advantage of locally maintained network information, and yield better performance than both flooding and random walk in clustered topologies. The method determines edge criticality and is reminiscent of fundamental heuristics from the area of approximation algorithms. I.
Friendships that last: Peer lifespan and its role in P2P protocols
, 2003
"... We consider the problem of choosing who to "befriend " among a collection of known peers in distributed P2P systems. In particular, our work explores a number of P2P protocols that, by considering peers' lifespan distribution a key attribute, can yield systems with performance charact ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 95 (8 self)
- Add to MetaCart
We consider the problem of choosing who to "befriend " among a collection of known peers in distributed P2P systems. In particular, our work explores a number of P2P protocols that, by considering peers' lifespan distribution a key attribute, can yield systems with performance characteristics more resilient to the natural instability of their environments.
Associative Search in Peer to Peer Networks: Harnessing Latent Semantics
, 2003
"... The success of a P2P file-sharing network highly depends on the scalability and versatility of its search mechanism. Two particularly desirable search features are scope (ability to find infrequent items) and support for partial-match queries (queries that contain typos or include a subset of keywor ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 95 (3 self)
- Add to MetaCart
The success of a P2P file-sharing network highly depends on the scalability and versatility of its search mechanism. Two particularly desirable search features are scope (ability to find infrequent items) and support for partial-match queries (queries that contain typos or include a subset of keywords). While centralized-index architectures (such as Napster) can support both these features, existing decentralized architectures seem to support at most one: prevailing unstructured P2P protocols (such as Gnutella and FastTrack) deploy a "blind" search mechanism where the set of peers probed is unrelated to the query; thus they support partial-match queries but have limited scope. On the other extreme, the recently-proposed distributed hash tables (DHTs) such as CAN and CHORD, couple index location with the item's hash value, and thus have good scope but can not effectively support partial-match queries. Another hurdle to DHTs deployment is their tight control of the overlay structure and the information (part of the index) each peer maintains, which makes them more sensitive to failures and frequent joins and disconnects.
