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... PLoS ONE | www.plosone.org 1 May 2012 | Volume 7 | Issue 5 | e35671 years (DALYs) lost, a measurement first promoted in the 1993 World Development Report and the focus of intense scrutiny ever since =-=[11,12,13]-=-. The accuracy of this measure depends on the reliability of the incidence, duration, severity and mortality data for a given condition, as well as the underlying assumptions used in the calculations ...

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...d young adults (Taket 1986; Mohan & Romer 1991; Smith & Barss 1991; Feachem et al. 1992); and of the estimated 856 000 road deaths occurring annually worldwide, 74% are in developing countries (World =-=Bank 1993-=-). Dramatic increases in the proportion and absolute number of traffic fatalities have been witnessed in a number of developing countries, while they decreased by more than 20% in industrialized natio...

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...ng the selective introduction of a range ofsmarket mechanisms within the public health system (Hurst 1991, Saltman and von Otter 1995a,sMills 1995, Saltman 1995, McPake and Ngalande Banda 1994, World =-=Bank 1993-=-, OECD 1992,sMills 1997).sThese developments are attributable to two main sets of influences. The first is thesemergence of new trends in public sector management, which identify private sector mechan...

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... 21st 1997. **Correspondence: Richard Laing, Associate Professor, Department of International Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, T4W Boston, MA 02118, USA. E-mail: richardl@bu.edu. 0924-6479/99/$8.00 1999 – IOS Press. All rights reserved 52 R. Laing / The world health and drug situation Fig. 1. Fig. 2. in the roles of WHO and the World Bank. Until the 1990s, the World Bank had a minimal involvement in health policy and programming. However that has changed in the 1990 as signaled by the publication of the 1993 World development report “Investing in Health” [9]. During the 1980s and continuing today has been a shift in the role of Non Governmental Organizations NGO’s. While originally small organizations made up by well meaning enthusiastic volunteers some have grown into large professional efficient organizations able to provide services, or drugs under challenging circumstances. Examples of such organizations are the IDA in Holland, Medicins sans Frontieres in Europe, MEDS in Kenya, Baptist Convention in Cameroun and the United Mission to Nepal. Such organizations are likely to play an ever more important part in countries where the central govern...

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...n these factors. The emergence of chronic diseases in most developing countries, in the last few decades is an example of epidemiological transition because in 1970s, CVD and diabetes mellitus were rare in these countries [6, 7, 8, 9, 10]. These developing populations appear to be under transition from poverty to affluence. The World Development Report (1993), in which affluence was measured by evaluation of per capita net domestic product, growth of production and the human development index, the per capita net domestic product, which was 558 in 1961 and 737 in 1981, increased to 931 in 1991 [35]. The annual growth rate in gross domestic product, which was 3.4% in 1970-1980, increased to 5.4% in 1980- 1991 and now it is about 7.5% in 2009. This increase of 2.0% in gross domestic product and marked increase in annual growth rate are more than that found in many developed countries, indicating rapid socioeconomic transition in India and other developing countries like China, Russia, Thailand, Philippines, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Brazil, Mexico, Vietnam etc. The human development index in Indians in which longevity, income and knowledge were measured, showed that life exp...