Results 1 - 10
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454
Emotion, plasticity, context, and regulation: Perspectives from affective neuroscience
- Psychological Bulletin
, 2000
"... The authors present an overview of the neural bases of emotion. They underscore the role of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and amygdala in 2 broad approach- and withdrawal-related motion systems. Components and measures of affective style are identified. Emphasis is given to affective chronometry and a ..."
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Cited by 186 (15 self)
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The authors present an overview of the neural bases of emotion. They underscore the role of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and amygdala in 2 broad approach- and withdrawal-related motion systems. Components and measures of affective style are identified. Emphasis is given to affective chronometry and a role for the PFC in this process is proposed. Plasticity in the central circuitry of emotion is considered, and implications of data showing experience-induced changes in the hippocampus for understanding psychopathology and stress-related symptoms are discussed. Two key forms of affective plasticity are described--context and regulation. A role for the hippocampus in context-dependent normal and dysfunctional erootional responding is proposed. Finally, implications of these data for understanding the impact on neural circuitry of interventions topromote positive affect and on mecha-nisms that govern health and disease are considered. Biobehavioral scientists are increasingly recognizing the impor-tance of emotion for the fundamental tasks of survival and adap-tation (A. R. Damasio, 1994; Ekman & Davidson, 1994; Pinker, 1997). Emotion facilitates decision making, has significant influ-ence on learning and memory, and provides the motivation for critical action in the face of environmental incentives. Emotion is also the stuff of individual differences. It is a key component, if not the major ingredient, for many of the fundamental dimensions of personality and vulnerability factors that govern risk for psycho-pathology (see Davidson, Abercrombie, Nitschke, & Putnam, 1999). Some of the most impressive vidence for brain plasticity is emotional learning (LeDoux, 1996). Plasticity in the neural cir-cuitry underlying emotion is also likely to play an important role in understanding the impact of early environmental factors in influencing later individual differences and risk for psychopathol-ogy (Meaney et al., 1996). Moreover, plasticity in the neural circuitry underlying emotion can be recruited for therapeutic
Emotion regulation and memory: The cognitive costs of keeping one’s cool
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
, 2000
"... An emerging literature has begun to document the affective consequences of emotion regulation. Little is known, however, about whether motion regulation also has cognitive consequences. A process model of emotion suggests hat expressive suppression should reduce memory for emotional events but that ..."
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Cited by 172 (28 self)
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An emerging literature has begun to document the affective consequences of emotion regulation. Little is known, however, about whether motion regulation also has cognitive consequences. A process model of emotion suggests hat expressive suppression should reduce memory for emotional events but that reappraisal should not. Three studies tested this hypothesis. Study 1 experimentally manipulated expressive suppression during film viewing, showing that suppression led to poorer memory f r the details of the film. Study 2 manipulated expressive suppression a d reappraisal during slide viewing. Only suppression ledto poorer slide memory. Study 3 examined individual differences in typi al expressive suppression a d reappraisal and found that suppression was associated with poorer self-reported and objective memory but tha reappraisal was not. Together, these studies suggest that he cognitive costs of keeping one's cool may vary according tohow this is done. Western culture is decidedly ambivalent about emotions. On the one hand, ' emotions are seen as wanton marauders that supplant good judgment with primitive, immature, and destructive thoughts and impulses (Young, 1943). On the other hand, emotions are seen as indispensable guardians of our well-being that direct our re-
Healthy and unhealthy emotion regulation: Personality processes, individual differences, and lifespan development
- Journal of Personality
, 2004
"... ABSTRACT Individuals regulate their emotions in a wide variety of ways. Are some forms of emotion regulation healthier than others? We focus on two commonly used emotion regulation strategies: reappraisal (changing the way one thinks about a potentially emotion-eliciting event) and suppression (chan ..."
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Cited by 132 (19 self)
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ABSTRACT Individuals regulate their emotions in a wide variety of ways. Are some forms of emotion regulation healthier than others? We focus on two commonly used emotion regulation strategies: reappraisal (changing the way one thinks about a potentially emotion-eliciting event) and suppression (changing the way one responds behaviorally to an emotion-eliciting event). In the first section, we review experimental findings showing that reappraisal has a healthier profile of short-term affective, cognitive, and social consequences than suppression. In the second section, we review individual-difference findings, which show that using reappraisal to regulate emotions is associated with healthier patterns of affect, social functioning, and well-being than is using suppression. In the third section, we consider issues in the development of reappraisal and suppression and provide new evidence for a normative shift toward an increasingly healthy emotion regulation profile during adulthood (i.e., increases in the use of reappraisal and decreases in the use of suppression). In the extensive literature on emotion, two rather different perspectives have emerged. Are emotions irrational forces that unleash Preparation of this article was supported by Grants MH43948 and MH58147 from the
Emotion regulation as a scientific construct: Methodological challenges and directions for child development research
- Child Development
, 2004
"... Emotion regulation has emerged as a popular topic, but there is doubt about its viability as a scientific construct. This article identifies conceptual and methodological challenges in this area of study and describes exemplar studies that provide a substantive basis for inferring emotion regulation ..."
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Cited by 131 (3 self)
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Emotion regulation has emerged as a popular topic, but there is doubt about its viability as a scientific construct. This article identifies conceptual and methodological challenges in this area of study and describes exemplar studies that provide a substantive basis for inferring emotion regulation. On the basis of those studies, 4 methods are described that provide compelling evidence for emotion regulation: independent measurement of activated emotion and purported regulatory processes; analysis of temporal relations; measurement across contrasting conditions; and multiple, convergent measures. By offering this perspective, this article aims to engage thoughtful debate and critical analysis, with the goal of increasing methodological rigor and advancing an understanding of emotion regulation as a scientific construct. The concept of emotion regulation has become popular in the psychological literature. In the study of child development, for example, the topic has been the subject of several books (Bradley, 2000;
Cognitive emotion regulation: Insights from social cognitive and affective neuroscience
- Current Directions in Psychological Science
, 2008
"... ABSTRACT—Recent developments in the study of cognitive emotion regulation illustrate how functional imaging is extending behavioral analyses. Imaging studies have con-tributed to the development of a multilevel model of emo-tion regulation that describes the interactions between neural systems impli ..."
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Cited by 99 (24 self)
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ABSTRACT—Recent developments in the study of cognitive emotion regulation illustrate how functional imaging is extending behavioral analyses. Imaging studies have con-tributed to the development of a multilevel model of emo-tion regulation that describes the interactions between neural systems implicated in emotion generation and those implicated in emotional control. In this article, we review imaging studies of one type of cognitive emotion regulation: reappraisal. We show how imaging studies have contrib-uted to the construction of this model, illustrate the inter-play of psychological theory and neuroscience data in its development, and describe how this model can be used as the basis for future basic and translational research. KEYWORDS—emotion; emotion regulation; cognitive con-trol; amygdala; prefrontal cortex
Emotional states and physical health
- American Psychologist
, 2000
"... Positive emotional states may promote healthy perceptions, beliefs, and physical well-being itself To explore potential mechanisms linking pleasant feelings and good health, the authors consider several lines of research, including (a) direct effects of positive affect on physiology, especially the ..."
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Cited by 85 (1 self)
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Positive emotional states may promote healthy perceptions, beliefs, and physical well-being itself To explore potential mechanisms linking pleasant feelings and good health, the authors consider several lines of research, including (a) direct effects of positive affect on physiology, especially the immune system, (b) the information value of emotional experiences, ( c) the psychological resources engendered by positive feeling states, (d) the ways in which mood can motivate health-relevant behaviors, and (e) the elicitation of social support. As anticipated by the Greek physician Hippocrates, positive emotions and healthy outcomes may be linked through multiple pathways. T hat the arousal of emotion might have consequences for physical health is not a new idea. Hippocrates, the father of clinical medicine, posited four bodily fluids (humors) that when out of balance led to various physical maladies. The humoral imbalances thought to cause illness, also, in his view, produced characteristic and chronic emotional states--black bile led to sorrow, phlegm to sleepiness, blood to sanguine feelings, and yellow bile to anger. Thus, Hippocrates linked emotion and disease by virtue of their common antecedents. Although Hippocrates no doubt had the details wrong, he provided prescient guidance regarding possible connections between emotion and health. Psychotherapists and practicing physicians similarly have recognized the comorbidity of psychological and physical disorders. Rates of mood and anxiety disorders are considerably higher among medical inpatients compared with the general population (Katon & Sullivan, 1990). Depressed individuals report somatic ailments in greater numbers than do nondepressed individuals (Katon, 1984) and appraise their health status less positively (Maddox, 1962; Tessler & Mechanic, 1978). When health plans offer psychological services through which individuals presumably can have their psychological distresses attended to, use of medical services for relief of physical symptoms is
How Emotion Shapes Behavior: Feedback, Anticipation, and Reflection, Rather Than Direct Causation
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7). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and wellbeing
, 2000
"... This article develops the hypothesis that intervention strategies that cultivate positive emotions are particularly suited for preventing and treating problems rooted in negative emotions, such as anxiety, depression, aggression, and stressrelated health problems. Fredrickson's (1998) broaden–a ..."
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Cited by 82 (6 self)
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This article develops the hypothesis that intervention strategies that cultivate positive emotions are particularly suited for preventing and treating problems rooted in negative emotions, such as anxiety, depression, aggression, and stressrelated health problems. Fredrickson's (1998) broaden–and–build model of positive emotions provides the foundation for this application. According to this model, the form and function of positive and negative emotions are distinct and complementary. Negative emotions (e.g., fear, anger, and sadness) narrow an individual's momentary thought–action repertoire toward specific actions that served the ancestral function of promoting survival. By contrast, positive emotions (e.g., joy, interest, and contentment) broaden an individual's momentary thought–action repertoire, which in turn can build that individual's enduring personal resources, resources that also served the ancestral function of promoting survival. One implication of the broaden–and–build model is that positive emotions have an undoing effect on negative emotions. By broadening
Human empathy through the lens of social neuroscience.
- Scientific World Journal,
, 2006
"... Empathy is the ability to experience and understand what others feel without confusion between oneself and others. Knowing what someone else is feeling plays a fundamental role in interpersonal interactions. In this paper, we articulate evidence from social psychology and cognitive neuroscience, an ..."
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Cited by 80 (12 self)
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Empathy is the ability to experience and understand what others feel without confusion between oneself and others. Knowing what someone else is feeling plays a fundamental role in interpersonal interactions. In this paper, we articulate evidence from social psychology and cognitive neuroscience, and argue that empathy involves both emotion sharing (bottom-up information processing) and executive control to regulate and modulate this experience (top-down information processing), underpinned by specific and interacting neural systems. Furthermore, awareness of a distinction between the experiences of the self and others constitutes a crucial aspect of empathy. We discuss data from recent behavioral and functional neuroimaging studies with an emphasis on the perception of pain in others, and highlight the role of different neural mechanisms that underpin the experience of empathy, including emotion sharing, perspective taking, and emotion regulation.
Self-regulation and the extended now: Controlling the self alters the subjective experience of time
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
, 2003
"... These studies investigated self-regulation and subjective experience of time from the perspective of the regulatory resource model. Studies 1–2 showed that participants who were instructed to regulate their emotions while viewing a film clip perceived that the film lasted longer than participants wh ..."
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Cited by 75 (15 self)
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These studies investigated self-regulation and subjective experience of time from the perspective of the regulatory resource model. Studies 1–2 showed that participants who were instructed to regulate their emotions while viewing a film clip perceived that the film lasted longer than participants who did not regulate their emotions. In Study 3, participants provided time estimates during a resource-depleting or nondepleting task. Subsequent task persistence was measured. Time perceptions mediated the effect of initial self-regulation on subsequent self-regulated performance. In Study 4, participants performed either a resource-depleting or a nondepleting thought-listing task and then performed a different regulatory task. Compared with nondepleted participants, depleted participants persisted less on the 2nd task but estimated that they had persisted longer. Subjective time estimates statistically accounted for reduced persistence after depletion. Together, results indicate people believe that self-regulatory endeavors last overly long, a belief that may result in abandonment of further self-control. Put your hand on a hot stove for a minute, and it seems like an hour. Sit with a pretty girl for an hour, and it seems like a minute. THAT’S relativity. —Albert Einstein
