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81
The science of emotional intelligence
, 2005
"... This article presents a framework for emotiolllJl intelligenCl!, a set of skills hypothesized to contribute to the accurate appraisal and expression of emotion in oneself and in others, the effective regulation of emotion in self and others, and the use of feelings to motivate, plan, and achieve in ..."
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Cited by 887 (38 self)
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This article presents a framework for emotiolllJl intelligenCl!, a set of skills hypothesized to contribute to the accurate appraisal and expression of emotion in oneself and in others, the effective regulation of emotion in self and others, and the use of feelings to motivate, plan, and achieve in one's life. We start by reviewing the debate about the adaptive versus maladaptive qualities of emotion. We then explore the literature on intelligence, and especiaUy social intelligence. to examine the place of emotion in traditional intelligence conceptions. A framework for integrating the research on emotion-related snUs Is then described. Next, we review the components of emotional intelligence. To conclude the review. the role of emotional intelligence in mental health is discussed and avenues for further investigation are suggested. Is "emotional intelligence " 8 contradiction in terms? One tradition in Western thought has viewed emotions as disorganized interruptions of mental activity, so potentially disruptive that they must be controlled. Writing in the first century B.C., Publilius Syrus stated, "Rule your feelings, lest your feelings rule you " [1}.
Health promotion from the perspective of social cognitive theory.
- Psychology and Health,
, 1998
"... Abstract This chapter examines health promotion and disease prevention from the perspective of social cognitive theory. This theory posits a multifaceted causal structure in which self-efficacy beliefs operate in concert with cognized goals, outcome expectations, and perceived environmental impedim ..."
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Cited by 239 (7 self)
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Abstract This chapter examines health promotion and disease prevention from the perspective of social cognitive theory. This theory posits a multifaceted causal structure in which self-efficacy beliefs operate in concert with cognized goals, outcome expectations, and perceived environmental impediments and facilitators in the regulation of human motivation, action, and well-being. Perceived self-efficacy is a key factor in the causal structure because it operates on motivation and action both directly and through its impact on the other determinants. The areas of overlap of sociocognitive determinants with some of the most widely applied psychosocial models of health are identified. Social cognitive theory addresses the sociostructural determinants of health as well as the personal determinants. A comprehensive approach to health promotion requires changing the practices of social systems that have widespread detrimental effects on health rather than solely changing the habits of individuals. Further progress in this field requires building new structures for health promotion, new systems for risk reduction and greater emphasis on health policy initiatives. People's beliefs in their collective efficacy to accomplish social change, therefore, play a key role in the policy and public health perspective to health promotion and disease prevention. Bandura, A. (1998). Health promotion from the perspective of social cognitive theory. Psychology and Health, 13,
Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
, 2004
"... Theory indicates that resilient individuals “bounce back ” from stressful experiences quickly and effectively. Few studies, however, have provided empirical evidence for this theory. The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions (B. L. Fredrickson, 1998, 2001) is used as a framework for understa ..."
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Cited by 149 (6 self)
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Theory indicates that resilient individuals “bounce back ” from stressful experiences quickly and effectively. Few studies, however, have provided empirical evidence for this theory. The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions (B. L. Fredrickson, 1998, 2001) is used as a framework for understanding psychological resilience. The authors used a multimethod approach in 3 studies to predict that resilient people use positive emotions to rebound from, and find positive meaning in, stressful encounters. Mediational analyses revealed that the experience of positive emotions contributed, in part, to participants’ abilities to achieve efficient emotion regulation, demonstrated by accelerated cardiovascular recovery from negative emotional arousal (Studies 1 and 2) and by finding positive meaning in negative circumstances (Study 3). Implications for research on resilience and positive emotions are discussed. There are individuals who seem to “bounce back ” from negative events quite effectively, whereas others are caught in a rut, seemingly unable to get out of their negative streaks. Being able to move on despite negative stressors does not demonstrate luck on the part of those successful individuals but demonstrates a concept known as resilience. Psychological resilience refers to effective
The development of anxiety: The role of control in the early environment
- Psychological Bulletin
, 1998
"... Current developments in cognitive and emotion theory suggest that anxiety plays a rather central role in negative emotions. This article reviews findings in the area of anxiety and depression, helplessness, locus of control, explanatory style, animal learning, biology, parenting, attachment theory, ..."
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Cited by 114 (2 self)
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Current developments in cognitive and emotion theory suggest that anxiety plays a rather central role in negative emotions. This article reviews findings in the area of anxiety and depression, helplessness, locus of control, explanatory style, animal learning, biology, parenting, attachment theory, and childhood stress and resilience to articulate a model of the environmental influences on the development of anxiety. Evidence from a variety of sources suggests that early experience with diminished control may foster a cognitive style characterized by an increased probability of interpreting or processing subsequent events as out of one's control, which may represent a psychological vulnerability for anxiety. Implications for research are discussed. Historically, studies of childhood and adult anxiety and depression have been characterized by a discontinuity between major theoretical frameworks, methodologies, and research paradigms particular to each area. Recently, however, theoretical advances in the understanding of both childhood and adult anxiety and depression are beginning to highlight consistencies and to allow the emergence of a more unified model. For example, in recent adult theories, the dimensional nature of pathological syndromes, the relation of normal to abnormal processes, the multiplicity and interaction of psychosocial and biological influences, and the continuity of anxious and depressive features have received increased emphasis (Alloy, Kelly, Mineka, & Clements, 1990; Barlow, 1991). Findings from outside the clinical literature have also contributed to the integration and extension of childhood and adult models of anxiety. For example, conditioning models (Mineka, 1985; Mineka & Zinbarg, 1996)
Anger is an approach-related affect: Evidence and implications
- Psychological Bulletin
, 2009
"... The authors review a range of evidence concerning the motivational underpinnings of anger as an affect, with particular reference to the relationship between anger and anxiety or fear. The evidence supports the view that anger relates to an appetitive or approach motivational system, whereas anxiety ..."
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Cited by 94 (18 self)
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The authors review a range of evidence concerning the motivational underpinnings of anger as an affect, with particular reference to the relationship between anger and anxiety or fear. The evidence supports the view that anger relates to an appetitive or approach motivational system, whereas anxiety relates to an aversive or avoidance motivational system. This evidence appears to have 2 implications. One implication concerns the nature of anterior cortical asymmetry effects. The evidence suggests that such asymmetry reflects direction of motivational engagement (approach vs. withdrawal) rather than affective valence. The other implication concerns the idea that affects form a purely positive dimension and a purely negative dimension, which reflect the operation of appetitive and aversive motivational systems, respectively. The evidence reviewed does not support that view. The evidence is, however, consistent with a discrete-emotions view (which does not rely on dimensionality) and with an alternative dimensional approach.
Emotional Balancing of Organizational Continuity and Radical Change: The Contribution of Middle
- Managers, Administrative Science Quarterly
, 2002
"... constructive suggestions and continuous encouragement, which helped me persist in developing this paper, and to Linda Johanson for her thoughtful editorial assistance. Appreciation also goes to the ASQ anonymous reviewers, Reinhard ..."
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Cited by 78 (0 self)
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constructive suggestions and continuous encouragement, which helped me persist in developing this paper, and to Linda Johanson for her thoughtful editorial assistance. Appreciation also goes to the ASQ anonymous reviewers, Reinhard
Psychological Resilience and Positive Emotional Granularity: Examining the Benefits of Positive Emotions on Coping and Health
"... ABSTRACT For centuries, folk theory has promoted the idea that positive emotions are good for your health. Accumulating empirical evidence is providing support for this anecdotal wisdom. We use the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions (Fredrickson, 1998; 2001) as a framework to demonstrate ..."
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Cited by 65 (1 self)
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ABSTRACT For centuries, folk theory has promoted the idea that positive emotions are good for your health. Accumulating empirical evidence is providing support for this anecdotal wisdom. We use the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions (Fredrickson, 1998; 2001) as a framework to demonstrate that positive emotions contribute to psychological and physical well-being via more effective coping. We argue that the health benefits advanced by positive emotions may be instantiated in
Affirmation of personal values buffers neuroendocrine and psychological stress responses
- Psychological Science
, 2005
"... ABSTRACT—Stress is implicated in the development and progression of a broad array of mental and physical health disorders. Theory and research on the self suggest that self-affirming activities may buffer these adverse effects. This study experimentally investigated whether affirmations of personal ..."
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Cited by 62 (13 self)
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ABSTRACT—Stress is implicated in the development and progression of a broad array of mental and physical health disorders. Theory and research on the self suggest that self-affirming activities may buffer these adverse effects. This study experimentally investigated whether affirmations of personal values attenuate physiological and psychological stress responses. Eighty-five participants completed either a value-affirmation task or a control task prior to participating in a laboratory stress challenge. Participants who affirmed their values had significantly lower cortisol responses to stress, compared with control participants. Dispositional self-resources (e.g., trait selfesteem and optimism) moderated the relation between value affirmation and psychological stress responses, such that participants who had high self-resources and had affirmed personal values reported the least stress. These findings suggest that reflecting on personal values can keep neuroendocrine and psychological responses to stress at low levels. Implications for research on the self, stress processes, health, and interventions are discussed. Stress is implicated in the development and progression of a broad array of pathological conditions. These include psychological disorders, such as depression and anxiety (Alonso et al., 2004; La Via et al., 1996), as well as medical disorders, including coronary heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes (McEwen & Seeman, 1999). Although not all the mechanisms connecting stress to these outcomes are known, chronic threats
Examining the Protective Effects of Mindfulness Training on Working Memory Capacity and Affective Experience
"... We investigated the impact of mindfulness training (MT) on working memory capacity (WMC) and affective experience. WMC is used in managing cognitive demands and regulating emotions. Yet, persistent and intensive demands, such as those experienced during high-stress intervals, may deplete WMC and lea ..."
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Cited by 52 (4 self)
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We investigated the impact of mindfulness training (MT) on working memory capacity (WMC) and affective experience. WMC is used in managing cognitive demands and regulating emotions. Yet, persistent and intensive demands, such as those experienced during high-stress intervals, may deplete WMC and lead to cognitive failures and emotional disturbances. We hypothesized that MT may mitigate these deleterious effects by bolstering WMC. We recruited 2 military cohorts during the high-stress predeployment interval and provided MT to 1 (MT, n � 31) but not the other group (military control group, MC, n � 17). The MT group attended an 8-week MT course and logged the amount of out-of-class time spent practicing formal MT exercises. The operation span task was used to index WMC at 2 testing sessions before and after the MT course. Although WMC remained stable over time in civilians (n � 12), it degraded in the MC group. In the MT group, WMC decreased over time in those with low MT practice time, but increased in those with high practice time. Higher MT practice time also corresponded to lower levels of negative affect and higher levels of positive affect (indexed by the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule). The relationship between practice time and negative, but not positive, affect was mediated by WMC, indicating that MT-related improvements in WMC may support some but not all of MT’s salutary effects. Nonetheless, these findings suggest that sufficient MT practice may protect against functional impairments associated with high-stress contexts.
Social “facilitation” as challenge and threat.
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,
, 1999
"... The authors conducted an experiment to test a theoretical explanation of social facilitation based on the biopsychosocial mode) of challenge and threat. Participants mastered 1 of 2 tasks and subsequently performed either the mastered (i.e., well-learned) or the unlearned task either aione or with ..."
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Cited by 49 (14 self)
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The authors conducted an experiment to test a theoretical explanation of social facilitation based on the biopsychosocial mode) of challenge and threat. Participants mastered 1 of 2 tasks and subsequently performed either the mastered (i.e., well-learned) or the unlearned task either aione or with an audience while cardiovascular responses were recorded. Cardiovascular responses of participants performing a well-learned task in the presence of others fit the challenge pattern (i.e., increased cardiac response and decreased vascular resistance), whereas cardiovascular responses of participants performing an unlearned task in the presence of others fit the threat pattern (i.e., increased cardiac response and increased vascular resistance), confirming the authors' hypotheses and the applicability of the biopsychosocial model of challenge and threat to explain these results.
