Although commentators periodically declare that Freud is dead, his repeated burials lie on shaky grounds. Critics typically attack an archaic version of psychodynamic theory that most clinicians similarly consider obsolete. Central to contemporary psychodynamic theory is a series of propositions about (a) unconscious cognitive, affective, and motivational processes; (b) ambivalence and the tendency for affective and motivational dynamics to operate in parallel and produce compromise solutions; (c) the origins of many personality and social dispositions in childhood; (d) mental representations of the self, others, and relationships; and (e) developmental dynamics. An enormous body of research in cognitive, social, developmental, and personality psychology now supports many of these propositions. Freud's scientific legacy has implications for a wide range of domains in psychology, such as integration of affective and motivational constraints into connectionist models in cognitive science. Freud, like Elvis, has been dead for a number of years but continues to be cited with some regularity. Although the majority of clinicians report that they rely to some degree upon psychodynamic 1 principles

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Results from 2 experimental studies suggest that self-protection and mate-search goals lead to the perception of functionally relevant emotional expressions in goal-relevant social targets. Activating a self-protection goal led participants to perceive greater anger in Black male faces (Study 1) and Arab faces (Study 2), both out-groups heuristically associated with physical threat. In Study 2, participants’ level of implicit Arab–threat associations moderated this bias. Activating a mate-search goal led male, but not female, participants to perceive more sexual arousal in attractive opposite-sex targets (Study 1). Activating these goals did not influence perceptions of goal-irrelevant targets. Additionally, participants with chronic self-protective and mate-search goals exhibited similar biases. Findings are consistent with a functionalist, motivation-based account of interpersonal perception. Almost a century ago, Sigmund Freud proposed that people sometimes engage in a process he called projection: attributing their own unacceptable emotions and desires to someone other than themselves (Freud, 1915/1957; cf. Newman, Duff, & Baumeister, 1997). The concept of projection shows up in other conceptual guises as well. For instance, activating particular emotions

Decades of research have examined factors involved in complex, and sometimes stressful, interpersonal interactions between individuals with and without disabilities. The present study applies structural equation modeling to test an integrative model of individual and situational factors affecting encounters between able-bodied college students and their peers with mobility impairments. A vignette design was employed that involved input from focus groups of college students with mobility impairments. Data was collected from 360 able-bodied students at a Mid-Western university. Results provided support for a structural model that included previous contact with disability, global disability attitudes, and negative affect in predicting behavioral intentions to avoid. Affective arousal emerged as a strong predictor of behavioral intentions to avoid peers with disabilities. Global disability attitudes were fairly strongly predictive of negative affect and weakly predictive of behavioral avoidance. Secondary analyses explored whether emotion regulation strategies would moderate the effect of negative affect on behavioral intentions to avoid future encounters with a peer in a wheelchair. Reappraisal and suppression emerged as weak but statistically significant predictors of behavioral avoidance. Further, results indicated modest support for the hypothesis that reappraisal can lower the likelihood that an ablebodied