Record calculi use labels to distinguish between the elements of products and sums. This paper presents a novel variation, type-indexed rows, in which labels are discarded and the types of the elements themselves serve as indices. The calculus, TIR , can express tuples, recursive datatypes, monomophic records, polymorphic extensible records, and closed-world style type-based overloading. Our key application of TIR , however, is to encode the \choice" types of XML, and the \unordered sequence" types of SGML. Indeed, TIR is the kernel of the language XM, a lazy functional language extending XML with polymorphism and higher-order functions. The system is built from rows, equality constraints, membership constraints and constrained parametric polymorphism. The constraint domain enjoys decidable entailment and satisfaction (in EXP). We present a type checking algorithm, and show how TIR may be implemented by a typedirected translation which replaces type-indexing by conven...

We survey work on statically type checking XML transformations, covering a wide range of notations and ambitions. The concept of type may vary from idealizations of DTD to full-blown XML Schema or even more expressive formalisms. The notion of transformation may vary from clean and simple transductions to domain-specific languages or integration of XML in general-purpose programming languages. Type annotations can be either explicit or implicit, and type checking ranges from exact decidability to pragmatic approximations. We characterize

Typechecking consists of statically verifying whether the output of an XML transformation is always conform to an output type for documents satisfying a given input type. We focus on complete algorithms which always produce the correct answer. We consider top-down XML transformations incorporating XPath expressions and abstract document types by grammars and tree automata. By restricting schema languages and transformations, we identify several practical settings for which typechecking is in polynomial time. Moreover, the resulting framework provides a rather complete picture as we show that most scenarios can not be enlarged without rendering the typechecking problem intractable. So, the present research sheds light on when to use fast complete algorithms and when to reside to sound but incomplete ones.

Tree-walking automata (TWAs) recently received new attention in the fields of formal languages and databases. Towards a better understanding of their expressiveness, we characterize them in terms of transitive closure logic formulas in normal form. It is conjectured by Engelfriet and Hoogeboom that TWAs cannot de ne all regular tree languages, or equivalently, all of monadic second-order logic. We proof this conjecture for a restricted, but powerful, class of TWAs. In particular, we show that 1-bounded TWAs, that is TWAs that are only allowed to traverse every edge of the input tree at most once in every direction, cannot de ne all regular languages. We then extend this result to a class of TWAs that can simulate first-order logic (FO) and is capable of expressing properties not definable in FO extended with regular path expressions; the latter logic being avalid abstraction of current query languages for XML and semi-structured data.

We investigate the typechecking problem for XML queries: statically verifying that every answer to a query conforms to a given output schema, for inputs satisfying a given input schema. As typechecking quickly turns undecidable for query languages capable of testing equality of data values, we return to the limited framework where we abstract XML documents as labeled ordered trees. We focus on simple top-down recursive transformations motivated by XSLT and structural recursion on trees. We parameterize the problem by several restrictions on the transformations (deleting, non-deleting, bounded width) and consider both tree automata and DTDs as output schemas. The complexity of the typechecking problems in this scenario range from ptime to exptime.

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This paper presents a novel editor supporting interactive refinement in the development of structured documents. The user performs a sequence of editing operations on the document view, and the editor automatically derives an efficient and reliable document source and a transformation that produces the document view. The editor is unique in its programmability, in the sense that transformation can be obtained through editing operations. The main tricks behind are the utilization of the view-updating technique developed in the database community, and a new bidirectional transformation language that cannot only describe the relationship between the document source and its view, but also data dependency in the view.

We give semantic characterizations of the expressive power of navigational XPath (a.k.a. Core XPath) in terms of first order logic. XPath can be used to specify sets of nodes and sets of paths in an XML document tree. We consider both uses. For sets of nodes, XPath is equally expressive as first order logic in two variables. For paths, XPath can be defined using four simple connectives, which together yield the class of first order definable relations which are safe for bisimulation. Furthermore, we give a characterization of the XPath expressible paths in terms of conjunctive queries. 1

f on valid inputs conform to theoutput type? Since XML types are intrinsically more complex than the types found in

Although several type systems have been investigated for XML, parametric polymorphism is rarely treated. This well-established typing discipline can also be useful in XML processing in particular for programs involving "parametric schemas," i.e., schemas parameterized over other schemas (e.g., SOAP). The