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A survey of web caching schemes for the internet
- ACM Computer Communication Review
, 1999
"... The World Wide Web can be considered as a large distributed information system that provides access to shared data objects. As one of the most popular applications currently running on the Internet, the World Wide Web is of an exponential growth in size, which results in network congestion and serve ..."
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Cited by 292 (2 self)
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The World Wide Web can be considered as a large distributed information system that provides access to shared data objects. As one of the most popular applications currently running on the Internet, the World Wide Web is of an exponential growth in size, which results in network congestion and server overloading. Web caching has been recognized as one of the effective schemes to alleviate the service bottleneck and reduce the network traffic, thereby minimize the user access latency. In this paper, we first describe the elements of a Web caching system and its desirable properties. Then, we survey the state-of-art techniques which have been used in Web caching systems. Finally, we discuss the research frontier
Exploring the Bounds of Web Latency Reduction from Caching and Prefetching
, 1997
"... Prefetching and caching are techniques commonly used in I/O systems to reduce latency. Many researchers have advocated the use of caching and prefetching to reduce latency in the Web. We derive several bounds on the performance improvements seen from these techniques, and then use traces of Web prox ..."
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Cited by 226 (7 self)
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Prefetching and caching are techniques commonly used in I/O systems to reduce latency. Many researchers have advocated the use of caching and prefetching to reduce latency in the Web. We derive several bounds on the performance improvements seen from these techniques, and then use traces of Web proxy activity taken at Digital Equipment Corporation to quantify these bounds. We found that for these traces, local proxy caching could reduce latency by at best 26%, prefetching could reduce latency by at best 57%, and a combined caching and prefetching proxy could provide at best a 60% latency reduction. Furthermore, we found that how far in advance a prefetching algorithm was able to prefetch an object was a significant factor in its ability to reduce latency. We note that the latency reduction from caching is significantly limited by the rapid changes of objects in the Web. We conclude that for the workload studied caching offers moderate assistance in reducing latency. Prefetching can of...
Energy Consumption in Mobile Phones: A Measurement Study and Implications for Network Applications
, 2009
"... In this paper, we present a measurement study of the energy consumption characteristics of three widespread mobile networking technologies: 3G, GSM, and WiFi. We find that 3G and GSM incur a high tail energy overhead because of lingering in high power states after completing a transfer. Based on the ..."
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Cited by 221 (2 self)
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In this paper, we present a measurement study of the energy consumption characteristics of three widespread mobile networking technologies: 3G, GSM, and WiFi. We find that 3G and GSM incur a high tail energy overhead because of lingering in high power states after completing a transfer. Based on these measurements, we develop a model for the energy consumed by network activity for each technology. Using this model, we develop TailEnder, a protocol that reduces energy consumption of common mobile applications. For applications that can tolerate a small delay such as e-mail, TailEnder schedules transfers so as to minimize the cumulative energy consumed while meeting user-specified deadlines. We show that the TailEnder scheduling algorithm is within a factor 2 × of the optimal and show that any online algorithm can at best be within a factor 1.62 × of the optimal. For applications like web search that can benefit from prefetching, TailEnder aggressively prefetches several times more data and improves user-specified response times while consuming less energy. We evaluate the benefits of TailEnder for three different case study applications—email, news feeds, and web search—based on real user logs and show significant reduction in energy consumption in each case. Experiments conducted on the mobile phone show that TailEnder can download 60 % more news feed updates and download search results for more than 50 % of web queries, compared to using the default policy.
Mining Longest Repeating Subsequences To Predict World Wide Web Surfing
, 1999
"... Modeling and predicting user surfing paths involves tradeoffs between model complexity and predictive accuracy. In this paper we explore predictive modeling techniques that attempt to reduce model complexity while retaining predictive accuracy. We show that compared to various Markov models, longest ..."
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Cited by 206 (5 self)
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Modeling and predicting user surfing paths involves tradeoffs between model complexity and predictive accuracy. In this paper we explore predictive modeling techniques that attempt to reduce model complexity while retaining predictive accuracy. We show that compared to various Markov models, longest repeating subsequence models are able to significantly reduce model size while retaining the ability to make accurate predictions. In addition, sharp increases in the overall predictive capabilities of these models are achievable by modest increases to the number of predictions made. 1. Introduction Users surf the World Wide Web (WWW) by navigating along the hyperlinks that connect islands of content. If we could predict where surfers were going (that is, what they were seeking) we might be able to improve surfers' interactions with the WWW. Indeed, several research and industrial thrusts attempt to generate and utilize such predictions. These technologies include those for searching thro...
Selective Markov Models for Predicting Web-Page Accesses
, 2001
"... The problem of predicting a user’s behavior on a web-site has gained importance due to the rapid growth of the world-wide-web and the need to personalize and influence a user’s browsing experience. Markov models and their variations have been found well suited for addressing this problem. Of the dif ..."
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Cited by 166 (1 self)
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The problem of predicting a user’s behavior on a web-site has gained importance due to the rapid growth of the world-wide-web and the need to personalize and influence a user’s browsing experience. Markov models and their variations have been found well suited for addressing this problem. Of the different variations or Markov models it is generally found that higher-order Markov models display high predictive accuracies. However higher order models are also extremely complicated due to their large number of states that increases their space and runtime requirements. In this paper we present different techniques for intelligently selecting parts of different order Markov models so that the resulting model has a reduced state complexity and improved prediction accuracy. We have tested our models on various datasets and have found that their performance is consistently superior to that obtained by higher-order Markov models.
Replacement Policies for a Proxy Cache
- DEIT, Univ. di Pisa. [Online]. Available: http://www.iet.unipi.it/~luigi/caching.ps. IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON NETWORKING
, 1996
"... Abstract—In this paper, we analyze access traces to a Web proxy, looking at statistical parameters to be used in the design of a replacement policy for documents held in the cache. In the first part of this paper, we present a number of properties of the lifetime and statistics of access to document ..."
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Cited by 150 (0 self)
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Abstract—In this paper, we analyze access traces to a Web proxy, looking at statistical parameters to be used in the design of a replacement policy for documents held in the cache. In the first part of this paper, we present a number of properties of the lifetime and statistics of access to documents, derived from two large trace sets coming from very different proxies and spanning over time intervals of up to five months. In the second part, we propose a novel replacement policy, called LRV, which selects for replacement the document with the lowest relative value among those in cache. In LRV, the value of a document is computed adaptively based on information readily available to the proxy server. The algorithm has no hardwired constants, and the computations associated with the replacement policy require only a small constant time. We show how LRV outperforms LRU and other policies and can significantly improve the performance of the cache, especially for a small one. Index Terms—Caching, communication networks, policies, replacement, Web. I.
The Content and Access Dynamics of a Busy Web Site: Findings and Implications
, 2000
"... In this paper, we study the dynamics of the MSNBC news site, one of the busiest Web sites in the Internet today. Unlike many other efforts that have analyzed client accesses as seen by proxies, we focus on the server end. We analyze the dynamics of both the server content and client accesses made to ..."
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Cited by 127 (11 self)
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In this paper, we study the dynamics of the MSNBC news site, one of the busiest Web sites in the Internet today. Unlike many other efforts that have analyzed client accesses as seen by proxies, we focus on the server end. We analyze the dynamics of both the server content and client accesses made to the server. The former considers the content creation and modification process while the latter considers page popularity and locality in client accesses. Some of our key results are: (a) files tend to change little when they are modified, (b) a small set of files tends to get modified repeatedly, (c) file popularity follows a Zipf-like distribution with a parameter ff that is much larger than reported in previous, proxy-based studies, and (d) there is significant temporal stability in file popularity but not much stability in the domains from which clients access the popular content. We discuss the implications of these findings for techniques such as Web caching (including cache consisten...
Web Prefetching Between Low-Bandwidth Clients and Proxies: Potential and Performance
, 1999
"... The majority of the Internet population access the World Wide Web via dial-up modem connections. Studies have shown that the limited modem bandwidth is the main contributor to latency perceived by users. In this paper, we investigate one approach to reduce latency: prefetching between caching proxie ..."
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Cited by 122 (0 self)
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The majority of the Internet population access the World Wide Web via dial-up modem connections. Studies have shown that the limited modem bandwidth is the main contributor to latency perceived by users. In this paper, we investigate one approach to reduce latency: prefetching between caching proxies and browsers. The approach relies on the proxy to predict which cached documents a user might reference next, and takes advantage of the idle time between user requests to push or pull the documents to the user. Using traces of modem Web accesses, we evaluate the potential of the technique at reducing client latency, examine the design of prediction algorithms, and investigate their performance varying the parameters and implementation concerns. Our results show that prefetching combined with large browser cache and delta-compression can reduce client latency up to 23.4%. The reduction is achieved using the Prediction-by-Partial-Matching (PPM) algorithm, whose accuracy ranges from 40% to ...
TCP Nice: A Mechanism for Background Transfers
, 2002
"... background transfers transfers of data that humans are not waiting for to improve availability, reliability, latency or consistency. However, given the rapid fluctuations of available network bandwidth and changing resource costs due to technology trends, hand tuning the aggressiveness of background ..."
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Cited by 120 (12 self)
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background transfers transfers of data that humans are not waiting for to improve availability, reliability, latency or consistency. However, given the rapid fluctuations of available network bandwidth and changing resource costs due to technology trends, hand tuning the aggressiveness of background transfers risks (1) complicating applications, (2) being too aggressive and interfering with other applications, and (3) being too timid and not gaining the benefits of background transfers. Our goal is for the operating system to manage network resources in order to provide a simple abstraction of near zero-cost background transfers. Our system, TCP Nice, can provably bound the interference inflicted by background flows on foreground flows in a restricted network model. And our microbenchmarks and case study applications suggest that in practice it interferes little with foreground flows, reaps a large fraction of spare network bandwidth, and simplifies application construction and deployment. For example, in our prefetching case study application, aggressive prefetching improves demand performance by a factor of three when Nice manages resources; but the same prefetching hurts demand performance by a factor of six under standard network congestion control.
Beyond hierarchies: Design considerations for distributed caching on the internet
- in Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS
, 1998
"... Abstract In this paper, we examine several distributed caching strategies to improve the response time for accessing data over theInternet. By studying several Internet caches and workloads, we derive four basic design principles for large scale distributed ..."
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Cited by 120 (7 self)
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Abstract In this paper, we examine several distributed caching strategies to improve the response time for accessing data over theInternet. By studying several Internet caches and workloads, we derive four basic design principles for large scale distributed
