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290
The Lasting Impact of Childhood Health and Circumstance
- Journal of Health Economics
, 2005
"... We quantify the lasting effects of childhood health and economic circumstances on adult health, employment and socioeconomic status, using data fromabirth cohort that has been followed frombirth into middle age. Controlling for parental income, education and social class, children who experience poo ..."
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Cited by 282 (6 self)
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We quantify the lasting effects of childhood health and economic circumstances on adult health, employment and socioeconomic status, using data fromabirth cohort that has been followed frombirth into middle age. Controlling for parental income, education and social class, children who experience poor health have significantly lower educational attainment, poorer health, and lower social status as adults. Childhood health and circumstance appear to operate both through their impact on initial adult health and economic status, and through a continuing direct effect of prenatal and childhood health in middle age. Overall, our findings suggest more attention be paid to health as a potential mechanism through which intergenerational transmission of economic status takes place: cohort members born into poorer families experienced poorer childhood health, lower investments in human capital and poorer health in early adulthood, all of which are associated with lower earnings in middle age—the years in which they themselves become parents.
The Determinants of Mortality
- Journal of Economic Perspectives, Summer
, 2006
"... T he pleasures of life are worth nothing if one is not alive to experiencethem. Through the twentieth century in the United States and otherhigh-income countries, growth in real incomes was accompanied by a historically unprecedented decline in mortality rates that caused life expectancy at birth to ..."
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Cited by 134 (3 self)
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T he pleasures of life are worth nothing if one is not alive to experiencethem. Through the twentieth century in the United States and otherhigh-income countries, growth in real incomes was accompanied by a historically unprecedented decline in mortality rates that caused life expectancy at birth to grow by nearly 30 years. The value of reductions in mortality risk can be roughly estimated from (admittedly heroic extrapolations of) differential wages in the labor market corre-sponding to differentials in the risk of death across occupations. Applying this methodology, Nordhaus (2002, p. 35) has calculated that “to a first approximation, the economic value of increases in longevity in the last hundred years is about as large as the value of measured growth in nonhealth goods and services. ” Falling mortality has also usually meant better health for the living, so that people are also living better, healthier, and longer lives than did their forebears. Murphy and Topel (2005), who measure both the value of mortality decline and the benefits of better health for the living, estimate that, between 1970 and 2000, the annual value of increased longevity was about half of conventionally measured national income. Improvements in life expectancy in the United States have been matched by similar improvements in other rich countries. Indeed, there has been a rapid
2003), “Understanding the Association Between Socioeconomic Status and Physical Health: Do Negative Emotions Play a Role
- Psychological Bulletin 129(1): 10-51 Glied, Sherry and Adriana Lleras-Muney (2003), “Health Inequality, Education and Medical Innovation,” NBER Working Paper #9738
"... In this article, the authors evaluate the possible roles of negative emotions and cognitions in the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and physical health, focusing on the outcomes of cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality. After reviewing the limited direct evidence, the author ..."
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Cited by 117 (7 self)
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In this article, the authors evaluate the possible roles of negative emotions and cognitions in the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and physical health, focusing on the outcomes of cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality. After reviewing the limited direct evidence, the authors examine indirect evidence showing that (a) SES relates to the targeted health outcomes, (b) SES relates to negative emotions and cognitions, and (c) negative emotions and cognitions relate to the targeted health outcomes. The authors present a general framework for understanding the roles of cognitive– emotional factors, suggesting that low-SES environments are stressful and reduce individuals ’ reserve capacity to manage stress, thereby increasing vulnerability to negative emotions and cognitions. The article concludes with suggestions for future research to better evaluate the proposed model. Health disparities associated with socioeconomic status (SES) have existed for centuries (G. D. Smith, Carroll, Rankin, & Rowan, 1992) and have been recognized by researchers for many decades (Chapin, 1924; Warren & Sydenstricker, 1916). Recent research within the United States and other industrialized countries demonstrates that SES is associated with diverse health outcomes (Adler, Marmot, McEwen, & Stewart, 1999), and some evidence suggests that SES inequalities in mortality may even be widening
The power of personality: The comparative validity of personality traits, socioeconomic status, and cognitive ability for predicting important life outcomes
- Perspectives on Psychological Science
, 2007
"... ABSTRACT—The ability of personality traits to predict im-portant life outcomes has traditionally been questioned because of the putative small effects of personality. In this article, we compare the predictive validity of personality traits with that of socioeconomic status (SES) and cogni-tive abil ..."
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Cited by 107 (10 self)
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ABSTRACT—The ability of personality traits to predict im-portant life outcomes has traditionally been questioned because of the putative small effects of personality. In this article, we compare the predictive validity of personality traits with that of socioeconomic status (SES) and cogni-tive ability to test the relative contribution of personality traits to predictions of three critical outcomes: mortality, divorce, and occupational attainment. Only evidence from prospective longitudinal studies was considered. In addi-tion, an attempt was made to limit the review to studies that controlled for important background factors. Results showed that the magnitude of the effects of personality traits on mortality, divorce, and occupational attainment was indistinguishable from the effects of SES and cognitive ability on these outcomes. These results demonstrate the
Moving to opportunity: An experimental study of neighborhood effects on mental health
- American Journal of Public Health
, 2003
"... Objectives. The health consequences of neighborhood poverty are a public health problem. Data were obtained to examine links between neighborhood residence and men-tal health outcomes. Methods. Moving to Opportunity was a randomized, controlled trial in which families from public housing in high-pov ..."
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Cited by 77 (3 self)
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Objectives. The health consequences of neighborhood poverty are a public health problem. Data were obtained to examine links between neighborhood residence and men-tal health outcomes. Methods. Moving to Opportunity was a randomized, controlled trial in which families from public housing in high-poverty neighborhoods were moved into private housing in near-poor or nonpoor neighborhoods, with a subset remaining in public housing. At the 3-year follow-up of the New York site, 550 families were reinterviewed. Results. Parents who moved to low-poverty neighborhoods reported significantly less distress than parents who remained in high-poverty neighborhoods. Boys who moved to less poor neighborhoods reported significantly fewer anxious/depressive and de-pendency problems than did boys who stayed in public housing. Conclusions. This study provides experimental evidence of neighborhood income ef-fects on mental health. (Am J Public Health. 2003;93:1576–1582)
Education and Health: Evaluating Theories and Evidence
, 2006
"... This paper is available online at the National Poverty Center Working Paper Series index at: ..."
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Cited by 75 (6 self)
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This paper is available online at the National Poverty Center Working Paper Series index at:
Evolution and proximate expression of human paternal investment
- Psychological Bulletin
, 2000
"... In more than 95 % of mammalian species, males provide little direct investment in the well-being of their offspring. Humans are one notable exception to this pattern and, to date, the factors that contributed to the evolution and the proximate expression of human paternal care are unexplained (T. H. ..."
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Cited by 73 (13 self)
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In more than 95 % of mammalian species, males provide little direct investment in the well-being of their offspring. Humans are one notable exception to this pattern and, to date, the factors that contributed to the evolution and the proximate expression of human paternal care are unexplained (T. H. Chitton-Brock, 1989). The nature, extent, and influence of human paternal investment on the physical and social well-being of children are reviewed in light of the social and ecological factors that are associated with paternal investment in other species. On the basis of this review, discussion of the evolution and proximate expression of human paternal investment is provided. Issues centered on the nature and extent of parental investment of time and resources in children are socially and scientifically contentious (Silverstein & Auerbach, 1999; Travis & Yeager, 1991). Scientifically, assumptions about the mother-infant relationship influence the types of child-development research questions that are asked and the types of studies that are conducted (Silverstein, 1991). Socially, differences in the nature and extent of maternal and paternal care are often a source of marital conflict
Multilevel integrative analyses of human behavior: social neuroscience and the complementing nature of social and biological approaches
- Psychol. Bull
, 2000
"... All in-text references underlined in blue are linked to publications on ResearchGate, letting you access and read them immediately. ..."
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Cited by 68 (4 self)
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All in-text references underlined in blue are linked to publications on ResearchGate, letting you access and read them immediately.
Intelligence: is it the epidemiologists’ elusive “fundamental cause” of social class inequalities in health
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 86:174–199
"... Virtually all indicators of physical health and mental competence favor persons of higher socioeconomic status (SES). Conventional theories in the social sciences assume that the material disadvantages of lower SES are primarily responsible for these inequalities, either directly or by inducing psyc ..."
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Cited by 49 (4 self)
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Virtually all indicators of physical health and mental competence favor persons of higher socioeconomic status (SES). Conventional theories in the social sciences assume that the material disadvantages of lower SES are primarily responsible for these inequalities, either directly or by inducing psychosocial harm. These theories cannot explain, however, why the relation between SES and health outcomes (knowledge, behavior, morbidity, and mortality) is not only remarkably general across time, place, disease, and kind of health system but also so finely graded up the entire SES continuum. Epidemiologists have therefore posited, but not yet identified, a more general “fundamental cause ” of health inequalities. I concatenate various bodies of evidence to demonstrate that differences in general intelligence (g) may be that fundamental cause. Intelligence and Health Inequality 3
Incorporating general intelligence into epidemiology and the social sciences
- Intelligence
, 1997
"... The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the value of examining a variety of pressing behavioral, medical, and social phenomena as they relate to gradations in general intelligence. Although few (if any) variables in the social sciences can compete with the construct of general intelligence in ..."
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Cited by 44 (7 self)
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The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the value of examining a variety of pressing behavioral, medical, and social phenomena as they relate to gradations in general intelligence. Although few (if any) variables in the social sciences can compete with the construct of general intelligence in its ability to forecast an array of socially valued attributes and outcomes, measures of general intelligence are seldom incorporated into correlational and experimental designs aimed at understanding maladaptive behavior (e.g., crime, dropping out of high school, unwise financial planning, health-risk behaviors, poor parenting, and vocational discord) or its opposite, highly adaptive behavior. We contend that, if consulted more often, the construct of general intelligence would contribute to understanding many puzzling human phenomena, because successive gradations of intelligence reflect successive degrees of risk. A method is provided for uncovering group trends, one expressly designed to reveal the range and prevalence of the many different kinds of human phenomena that vary as a function of intellectual gradations. By employing this method, policymakers and the public can more readily apprehend the significant, but often unsuspected, contribution made by general intelligence to many socially important outcomes.
