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A meta-analysis of 25 years of mood-creativity research: Hedonic tone, activation, or regulatory focus? Psychological Bulletin, 134, 779–806. S1: I mean, to be honest with you all Mars is right now, and I think the reasons that words> has worked so much,
, 2008
"... This meta-analysis synthesized 102 effect sizes reflecting the relation between specific moods and creativity. Effect sizes overall revealed that positive moods produce more creativity than mood-neutral controls (r .15), but no significant differences between negative moods and mood-neutral controls ..."
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This meta-analysis synthesized 102 effect sizes reflecting the relation between specific moods and creativity. Effect sizes overall revealed that positive moods produce more creativity than mood-neutral controls (r .15), but no significant differences between negative moods and mood-neutral controls (r.03) or between positive and negative moods (r .04) were observed. Creativity is enhanced most by positive mood states that are activating and associated with an approach motivation and promotion focus (e.g., happiness), rather than those that are deactivating and associated with an avoidance motivation and prevention focus (e.g., relaxed). Negative, deactivating moods with an approach moti-vation and a promotion focus (e.g., sadness) were not associated with creativity, but negative, activating moods with an avoidance motivation and a prevention focus (fear, anxiety) were associated with lower creativity, especially when assessed as cognitive flexibility. With a few exceptions, these results generalized across experimental and correlational designs, populations (students vs. general adult population), and facet of creativity (e.g., fluency, flexibility, originality, eureka/insight). The authors discuss theoretical implications and highlight avenues for future research on specific moods, creativity, and their relationships.
Seven principles of goal activation: A systematic approach to distinguishing goal priming from priming of non-goal constructs
- Personality and Social Psychology Review
, 2007
"... needs appear to influence all stages of the information-processing sequence, namely, perception, representation, and a variety of mental operations, such as inference gen-eration and memory, thereby altering behavior, emotion, judgment, and problem solving (see Förster & Denzler, 2006, in press; ..."
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needs appear to influence all stages of the information-processing sequence, namely, perception, representation, and a variety of mental operations, such as inference gen-eration and memory, thereby altering behavior, emotion, judgment, and problem solving (see Förster & Denzler, 2006, in press; Gollwitzer & Moskowitz, 1996). In recent years, social cognition researchers also have made tremendous progress in understanding the extent to which judgment and behavior are guided without inten-tion or awareness (for reviews, see Dijksterhuis & Bargh, 2001; Förster & Liberman, 2007). Most notably, demon-strations of what has been described as automatic goal pursuit or implicit volition (Bargh, Gollwitzer, Lee-Chai,
Motivation
- HANDBOOK OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY (5TH ED., PP. 268-316). NEW YORK: WILEY. CHAPTER 8
, 2010
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Increasing or decreasing interest in activities: The role of regulatory fit
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
, 2010
"... What makes people’s interest in doing an activity increase or decrease? Regulatory fit theory (E. T. Higgins, 2000) provides a new perspective on this classic issue by emphasizing the relation between people’s activity orientation, such as thinking of an activity as fun, and the manner of activity e ..."
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What makes people’s interest in doing an activity increase or decrease? Regulatory fit theory (E. T. Higgins, 2000) provides a new perspective on this classic issue by emphasizing the relation between people’s activity orientation, such as thinking of an activity as fun, and the manner of activity engagement that the surrounding situation supports. These situational factors include whether a reward for good performance, expected (Study 1) or unexpected (Study 2), is experienced as enjoyable or as serious and whether the free-choice period that measures interest in the activity is experienced as enjoyable or as serious (Study 3). Studies 1–3 found that participants were more likely to do a fun activity again when these situational factors supported a manner of doing the activity that fit the fun orientation—a reward or free-choice period framed as enjoyable. This effect was not because interest in doing an activity again is simply greater in an enjoyable than a serious surrounding situation because it did not occur, and even reversed, when the activity orientation was important rather than fun, where now a serious manner of engagement provides the fit (Study 4a and 4b).
Core self-evaluations: A review and evaluation of the literature
- Journal of Management
, 2012
"... Core self-evaluation (CSE) represents the fundamental appraisals individuals make about their self-worth and capabilities. CSE is conceptualized as a higher order construct composed of broad and evaluative traits (e.g., self-esteem and generalized self-efficacy). The authors review 15 years of CSE t ..."
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Core self-evaluation (CSE) represents the fundamental appraisals individuals make about their self-worth and capabilities. CSE is conceptualized as a higher order construct composed of broad and evaluative traits (e.g., self-esteem and generalized self-efficacy). The authors review 15 years of CSE theory and research, focusing in particular on the outcomes, mediators, and moderators of CSE via qualitative and quantitative literature reviews. Meta-analytic results support the relation of CSE with various outcomes, including job and life satisfaction, in-role and extra-role job performance, and perceptions of the work environment (e.g., job characteristics and fairness). The authors conclude with a critical evaluation of CSE theory, measurement, and construct validity, highlighting areas of promise and concern for future CSE research. Key topics requiring further research include integrating CSE within an approach/ 81 Acknowledgements: This article was accepted under the editorship of Talya N. Bauer. All authors contributed equally to this research (names are listed alphabetically). We thank Robin Fenty, Oliver Rosen, and Oscar Shatner for their assistance with preparing the manuscript.
Business friendships
"... This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or sel ..."
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This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier’s archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit:
Incidental Experiences of Regulatory Fit and the Processing of Persuasive Appeals
"... This article examines how the subjective experiences of “feeling right ” from regulatory fit and of “feeling wrong ” from regulatory non-fit influence the way people process persuasive messages. Across three studies, incidental experiences of regulatory fit increased reliance on source expertise and ..."
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This article examines how the subjective experiences of “feeling right ” from regulatory fit and of “feeling wrong ” from regulatory non-fit influence the way people process persuasive messages. Across three studies, incidental experiences of regulatory fit increased reliance on source expertise and decreased resistance to counterpersuasion, whereas incidental experiences of regulatory non-fit increased reliance on argument strength and increased resistance to counterpersuasion. These results suggest that incidental fit and non-fit experiences can produce, respectively, more superficial or more thorough processing of persuasive messages. The mechanisms underlying these effects, and the conditions under which they should and should not be expected, are discussed.
1 Lusting while loathing: Parallel counter-driving of wanting and liking
"... We show how being “jilted”—that is, being thwarted from obtaining a desired outcome—can concurrently increase desire to obtain the outcome, but reduce its actual attractiveness. Thus, people can come to both want something more, yet like it less. Two experiments illustrate such disjunctions followin ..."
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We show how being “jilted”—that is, being thwarted from obtaining a desired outcome—can concurrently increase desire to obtain the outcome, but reduce its actual attractiveness. Thus, people can come to both want something more, yet like it less. Two experiments illustrate such disjunctions following jilting experiences. In Experiment 1, participants who failed to win a prize were willing to pay more for it, but were also more likely to trade it away when it was ultimately obtained. In Experiment 2, failure to obtain an expected reward led to increased choice, but also negatively biased evaluation, of an item merely similar to the initial jilted target. Such disjunctions were exhibited particularly by individuals low in intensity of felt affect, supporting an emotional basis for relative wanting-liking harmonization. These results demonstrate how dissociable psychological sub-systems for wanting and liking can be driven in opposing directions. 2 Situations abound where we experience emotion-laden “jilting ” by being denied desired targets or outcomes. Well-recognizable from romantic pursuit scenarios (e.g., the folk-wisdom of
Adaptive reward pursuit: How effort requirements affect unconscious reward responses and conscious reward decisions
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
"... When in pursuit of rewards, humans weigh the value of potential rewards against the amount of effort that is required to attain them. Although previous research has generally conceptualized this process as a deliberate calculation, recent work suggests that rudimentary mechanisms—operating without c ..."
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When in pursuit of rewards, humans weigh the value of potential rewards against the amount of effort that is required to attain them. Although previous research has generally conceptualized this process as a deliberate calculation, recent work suggests that rudimentary mechanisms—operating without con-scious intervention—play an important role as well. In this article, we propose that humans can perform a basic integration of reward value and effort requirements without conscious awareness. Furthermore, we propose that conscious awareness of rewards allows for the use of more advanced functions in reward pursuit, which consider the specific course of action that leads to reward attainment. Using a monetary reward priming paradigm that allows us to dissect the performance effects of rewards (i.e., coins of different value) into conscious and unconscious components, we tested this proposal in 3 experiments. Overall, results indicate that people rely on a simple yet adaptive mechanism that unconsciously conserves effort during reward pursuit, because it makes people more reward sensitive whenever more effort is required of the body. Moreover, consciousness supports a more sophisticated mode of reward pursuit, via which people can strategically conserve effort even further. We discuss these findings in the context of decision making, motivation, and consciousness.
Stepping back while staying engaged: When facing an obstacle increases psychological distance
- Social Psychological and Personality Science
, 2012
"... When do people respond to obstacles by mentally ‘‘stepping back’ ’ and taking a more distanced perspective? Manipulating obstacles to social goals, to personal goals, and in a computer game, three studies tested the hypothesis that people should increase psychological distance upon facing an obstacl ..."
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When do people respond to obstacles by mentally ‘‘stepping back’ ’ and taking a more distanced perspective? Manipulating obstacles to social goals, to personal goals, and in a computer game, three studies tested the hypothesis that people should increase psychological distance upon facing an obstacle primarily when distancing is relevant, that is, when the obstacle appears on their own path to a goal or when they are engaged and motivated to follow through with activities. As expected, participants who imagined a goal-relevant versus a goal-irrelevant obstacle indicated greater estimates for an unrelated spatial distance (Study 1). Moreover, chronically engaged participants provided smaller font size estimates after thinking about how to reach a personal goal with versus without an obstacle (Study 2), and participants primed with engagement indicated greater estimates for an unrelated spatial distance after navigating a maze with versus without an obstacle (Study 3). Implications for related research are discussed. Keywords obstacles, psychological distance, engagement, self-regulation When facing an obstacle during goal pursuit, people might do several things: They might disengage and attend to more attrac-tive things to do. If they stay engaged, they might try to ignore
